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QUESTION 1 The structure of the central nervous system contains the (A) (B) (C) (D) brain and spinal cord only. somatic nervous system and brain only. autonomic and somatic nervous systems only. spinal cord and autonomic nervous system only.
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the brain? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 4 = ° E = oO S) = oO 3) concentration 7 outside of cell inside of cell («) high concentration high concentration concentration low outside of cell Which process of neurotransmission is represented by this image? (A) action potential (B) graded potential (C) resting potential (D) event-related potential
QUESTION 7 The cerebellum plays a critical role in (A) comprehending language and forming meaningful sentences. (B) controlling muscles responsible for the production of articulate speech. (C) coordinating muscle movements and maintaining posture and balance. (D) regulating emotional balance resulting in disconnected brain activities.
QUESTION 8 In the 1920 Little Albert experiment Watson taught the child to fear rats by associating them with an unpleasant noise. Little Albert’s response of crying and trembling when the rat was presented is (A) areflexive response. (B) amodelled response. (C) aconditioned response. (D) an unconditioned response.
QUESTION 9 An aversive or unpleasant stimulus that strengthens behaviour by its removal is known as (A) positive punishment. (B) negative punishment. (C) positive reinforcement. (D) negative reinforcement.
QUESTION 10 Researchers showed toddlers their mothers being exposed to a rubber snake. In the control group the mothers had a neutral expression while 1n the experimental group the mother’s reaction was negative (panic and avoidance). The results indicated that when presented with the rubber snake toddlers tended to react in a similar way to their mothers. The investigation demonstrates modelling because the toddlers (A) tend to generalise their behaviour to all snakes. (B) observed the consequences of their mother’s behaviour. (C) learned to reproduce the behaviours exhibited by the mothers. (D) associated the snake with an emotional reaction creating a learned fear response.
QUESTION 15 Advertising can influence aggression by using techniques taken from classical conditioning whereby consumers learn (A) to identify with certain characters. (B) the consequences of aggressive behaviour. (C) to associate two previously unrelated stimuli. (D) to attend to retain and reproduce certain behaviours.
QUESTION 16 Which language processing region of the brain has been damaged if a person has difficulty speaking and putting together grammatical sentences but remains able to comprehend language? (A) Broca’s area (B) Wernicke’s area (C) Parkinson’s territory (D) Geschwind’s territory
QUESTION 17 Feinstein et al. (2010) conducted an investigation on a human patient SM who had a pre-existing brain lesion and was unable to experience fear. Researchers sought to invoke fear in SM by exposing them to live snakes and spiders and taking them on a tour of a haunted house. During each of these occasions SM did not exhibit any fear. In what part of the brain did SM most likely have a lesion? (A) cerebrum (B) amygdala (C) cerebellum (D) primary motor cortex
QUESTION 18 Acetylcholine is involved in which of the following psychological functions? (A) pleasure and reward (B) learning and memory (C) sleep and emotional arousal (D) articulation and comprehension of speech
QUESTION 19 Which of the following statements best describes semantic memory? (A) memory of learnt skills and actions (B) memory of general world knowledge or facts (C) memory drawn from objects and places experienced (D) memory drawn from events and the people associated
QUESTION 20 Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) asked participants to learn lists of words belonging to different categories e.g. names of animals clothing and sports. When asked to recount the words one group of participants was given category names and the other group was not. Participants in the group not given category names used recall as it involves (A) retrieving stored information using few or no cues for assistance. (B) identifying previously studied information from a list or group of alternatives. (C) grouping separate items in order to increase the capacity of short-term memory. (D) learning information that has been previously learnt and stored in long-term memory.
QUESTION 22 The Ames room illusion demonstrates the fallibility of visual perception as it causes the observer to (A) misapply shape constancy but maintain size constancy. (B) misapply size constancy but maintain shape constancy. (C) muisapply size constancy but maintain linear perspective cues. (D) misapply shape constancy but maintain linear perspective cues.
QUESTION 29 An investigation by Wixted (1991) allowed participants to rehearse words up until the moment of recall. The strategy most likely used by participants in the investigation to improve their memory was (A) maintenance rehearsal. (B) elaborative rehearsal. (C) method of loci. (D) SQ4R method.
QUESTION 30 The investigation by Deregowski (1972) found that one group of participants preferred split-type drawings similar to image A rather than perspective drawings similar to image B. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View figure in Deregowski J.B. (1972) Pictorial perception and culture. Scientific American 227 82-88 DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican1172-82 This preference was most likely due to (A) culture. (B) depth cues. (C) motivation. (D) size constancy.
QUESTION 33 (2 marks) Identify two parts of the brain that are responsible for voluntary movements.
QUESTION 35 (2 marks) Salthouse (1994) used a series of five-by-five matrices of 25 letters similar to the image shown. Each matrix was displayed for three seconds. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View in Figure 1A) Illustration of stimulus displays at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy Salthouse/ publication/232504870 The Aging of Working _ Memory/links/0c9605374d12c0ddb9000000/The-Aging- of-Working-Memory.pdf In the verbal version of the task participants were instructed to remember the identities of the letters in grey-shaded squares 1n any order. In the spatial task participants were instructed to remember the positions of the grey-shaded squares regardless of the letters in those positions. Identify one component of the model of working memory that is relevant to the investigation. Support your response with an example from the investigation.
QUESTION 36 (2 marks) Describe encoding failure with reference to an example from everyday life.
QUESTION 41 (3 marks) Discuss the impact of interference in neurotransmitter function on the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
QUESTION 1 (13 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Pavlov (1897/1902). a) b) d) e) State the unconditioned response (UCR) neutral stimulus (NS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the investigation. UCR: NS: CS: Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination. Support your response with one example of each relevant to the investigation. Describe spontaneous recovery. Support your response with an example relevant to the investigation. Compare Pavlov’s investigation to that conducted by Skinner (1948). Assuming that classical and operant conditioning result in the formation of long-term memories identify the associations that are formed in these types of conditioning. [3 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (11 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Humphrey and Jolicoeur (1993). The researchers examined whether the identification of objects is influenced by the type of background on which they are seen. Participants were presented with 32 common objects on one of two backgrounds one with depth cues and one without such cues. An example can be seen in the figure where image A has a background without depth and image B has a depth background. The results found that objects were identified more rapidly when presented on the background with depth cues. Researchers concluded that depth backgrounds provided monocular depth cues that assisted in the encoding and recognition of the objects. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View Figure 2 ‘Depth background and the background without depth’ at https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Examination-of-the-Effects-of- Axis-Monocular-and-Humphrey-Jolicoeur/361cSbb0cf4f131622fc33f2ddbd910 38742 \ cf. a) State which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing the visual images. [1 mark] b) Explain the process of visual perception that enables participants to view and then interpret the images presented from the first stage of the eyes to the final identification of the object. [6 marks] c) Explain a depth cue and an aspect of visual constancy as psychological influences on visual perception evident in the experiment. [4 marks]
QUESTION 5 (6 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Grant et al. (1998). After completing a reading task 1n a silent classroom participants were divided into two condition groups. One group completed a multiple-choice test about the reading task in silence and the other with a background noise. The raw results of both test conditions are presented in this table. d) Determine the mode for the noisy test condition. [1 mark] Calculate the interquartile range IQR = Q;— Q ) for the silent test condition. Show your working. [2 marks] The interquartile range (IQR) for the noisy test condition was 2. Contrast the noisy and silent test conditions referencing the interquartile ranges. [1 mark] To determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the two conditions researchers conducted a two-sample t-test (unpaired). The result was p > .05. Draw a conclusion about what the results of the statistical test show. [2 marks]
QUESTION 2 Researchers analysed the results using a Pearson correlation coefficient. The result was r = 0.98. It could be inferred that this demonstrates a (A) weak positive correlation. (B) weak negative correlation. (C) strong positive correlation. (D) strong negative correlation.
QUESTION 7 For classical conditioning extinction is described as (A) the re-emergence of a previously learnt conditioned response. (B) the process in which an organism learns to respond to a restricted range of stimuli. (C) the decrease in frequency of a response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. (D) the process in which an organism learns to respond to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
QUESTION 9 A limitation of the working model of memory is that it (A) (B) (C) (D) provides no role for rehearsal. emphasises structure rather than processing. does not take into account cross-cultural differences in memory span. provides a poor account of developmental differences in memory span.
QUESTION 10 For operant conditioning stimulus discrimination is described as the (A) spontaneous re-emergence of an operant that had been extinguished. (B) tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the stimuli that precede reinforcement. (C) process in which the connection between an operant and a reinforcer or punishment is broken. (D) ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond only to the original stimulus not similar stimuli.
QUESTION 14 This image represents (A) the Ponzo illusion. (B) an impossible figure. (C) an ambiguous figure. (D) the Miller-Lyer illusion.
QUESTION 15 Recognition involves (A) identifying previously studied information. (B) re-learning previously studied information. (C) manipulating information that has been previously learnt and tested. (D) recalling information from memory with some cues or hints for assistance.
QUESTION 16 Kohlenberg and Tsai (1994) helped people recognise subtle triggers for maladaptive responses in relationships. Behavioural analysis of one couple suggested that one partner was responding to a particular tone in the other partner’s voice regardless of their words. This is an example of (A) positive punishment. (B) negative reinforcement. (C) stimulus generalisation. (D) stimulus discrimination.
QUESTION 23 Which regions of the brain contribute to coordination precision and accurate timing of voluntary muscle movement? (A) cerebrum and forebrain (B) basal ganglia and cerebellum (C) amygdala and prefrontal cortex (D) frontal lobe and Geschwind’s territory
QUESTION 24 What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain responsible for the fast transmission of neural messages? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 25 A symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is (A) bradykinesia. (B) rigid muscles. (C) disorientation. (D) impaired posture.
QUESTION 26 (2 marks) Identify the role of the spinal cord in the human nervous system and describe a spinal reflex.
QUESTION 27 (1 mark) Distinguish between modelling and vicarious conditioning.
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Toch and Schulte (1961) conducted a study in which participants viewed one set of pictures that could be perceived as violent and another set that could be perceived as neutral. The methodology involved two groups of participants viewing 18 pictures in total. They were then asked to recall as many pictures as possible. Some of the results are shown. Stimulus redacted. Identify a psychological influence on visual perception and explain how it may have led to these results.
QUESTION 30 (2 marks) Identify two areas of the brain responsible for emotion. lL: Zz
QUESTION 31 (2 marks) Serafine Crowder and Repp (1984) investigated how memories are stored by employing an incidental learning task. Participants were asked to listen to several songs and decide if they were familiar with each song or not. Half of the participants (Group 1) heard familiar folk songs. The other half (Group 2) heard the same familiar songs with new unfamiliar lyrics. Results showed that participants in Group | had a much higher chance of identifying the songs as being familiar. This suggests that memories are stored as associations e.g. lyrics and tune. Describe forgetting due to interference effects with reference to the experiment.
QUESTION 32 (1 mark) State the biological influence that causes colour blindness.
QUESTION 33 (3 marks) Explain transduction as a process of early visual perception.
QUESTION 34 (2 marks) The image shows an example of classical conditioning. q ae a Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Dog sees food and salivates. Dog sees food and hears bell Dog hears bell and salivates. and salivates. q State what is meant by the conditioned stimulus (CS) and identify the CS in the image.
QUESTION 35 (4 marks) In an experiment by Sperling (1960) participants were shown a chart similar to the one below for 50 milliseconds and asked to recall as many letters as possible. The results showed that participants were able to recall between five and six letters. Participants reported that they were aware of more but were unable to state them before they were forgotten. Stimulus redacted. See References: Sperling G ‘The information available in brief visual presentations’ Describe the duration and capacity of visual sensory memory. Support your response with reference to the results of the experiment.
QUESTION 37 (3 marks) Compare the functions of dopamine and serotonin.
QUESTION 38 (4 marks) Provide an argument for and against using elaborative rehearsal as a strategy to improve memory. Support your response with an example for each argument.
QUESTION 1 (7 marks) This question refers to the investigations by Skinner (1948). a) Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement. Provide an example of a positively reinforced response in Skinner’s experiment. [2 marks] b) Describe extinction and spontaneous recovery using an example of each from Skinner’s experiment. [4 marks] c) Contrast the experiment by Skinner (1948) with that conducted by Pavlov (1897 1902). [1 mark]
QUESTION 4 (10 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Catani Jones and Ffytche (2005). Researchers investigated how Broca’s area Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory are connected. They found evidence for three distinct pathways: ¢ a direct pathway connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas * an indirect pathway connecting Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory * an indirect pathway connecting Broca’s area and Geschwind’s territory. The research indicated that the direct pathway is responsible for phonologically-based language functions such as automatic word repetition and the indirect pathways relate to semantically-based language functions such as auditory comprehension and vocalisation of semantic content. a) State the part of the human nervous system in which the brain is located. [1 mark] b) Identify the lobe of the cerebral cortex in which the language centres in the experiment are located. [3 marks] Broca’s: Wernicke’s: Geschwind’s: c) Identify the type of language processing that occurs in Broca’s area Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory. Support your response with evidence from the experiment. [6 marks]
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Grant et al. (1998). sientswaviee | 617] 8[ 8[ 8] [7] 7] 76 Soiysuayeer | | 6/9 fw 4| si oiafols a) Determine the median for the silent study test. [1 mark] b) Draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions from the graph. [3 marks] Confidence intervals g 7 } Z = 6 = 5 > e 4 oO ay S 3 B a) 5 Ay 0 Silent study test Noisy study test
QUESTION 2 Which of the following conditions resulted in the best student performance? Study condition Test condition Mean score Standard Mean score Standard deviation deviation test (/10) a test (/15) (A) silent short answer test with the silent study condition (B) silent short answer test with the noisy study condition (C) silent multiple choice test with the silent study condition (D) silent multiple choice test with the noisy study condition
QUESTION 13 Which type of optical illusion involves a two-dimensional figure that people interpret as three-dimensional? (A) Ponzo illusion (B) Impossible figure (C) Ambiguous figure (D) Miller-Lyer illusion
QUESTION 14 Which image best represents association after conditioning? (A) (B) b a“ Dog hears bell. Dog sees food and salivates. jean Dog sees food and hears bell and salivates. Dog hears bell and salivates. (C)
QUESTION 17 In an operant conditioning experiment pigeons were positively reinforced when they pecked a key with its yellow/green light on. The pigeons were not reinforced when they pecked the key with its red light on. The results were that the pigeons only pecked the key when the yellow/green light was on. This is an example of stimulus (A) pairing. (B) recovery. (C) generalisation. (D) discrimination.
QUESTION 18 According to operant conditioning extinction occurs (A) if reinforcement is discontinued. (B) if there is a change in reinforcement. (C) over time even if reinforcement is continued. (D) for an equal period of time to that spent learning the behaviour.
QUESTION 20 A comparison of the roles of classical conditioning (CC) operant conditioning (OC) and social learning theory (SLT) in the Designae and maintenance of phobias suggests that OC a SLT associate a stimulus and a response CC rewards avoidance CC and SLT associate a stimulus and a response OC rewards avoidance OC associates a stimulus and a response CC and SLT punish avoidance CC associates a stimulus and a response OC and SLT punish avoidance
QUESTION 21 (2 marks) Identify the two main structures of the central nervous system. I. 2.
QUESTION 23 (2 marks) Identify two roles of Geschwind’s territory in language processing.
QUESTION 24 (1 mark) Following a car accident a person is uncoordinated and walking unsteadily. Identify the area of the brain that is most likely damaged.
QUESTION 26 (2 marks) a) Identify the area labelled X. [1 mark] b) Describe a role of the area identified in Question 26a). [1 mark]
QUESTION 29 (2 marks) Describe retrieval failure and identify a strategy that could prevent it.
QUESTION 32 (5 marks) a) Identify the capacity and duration of short-term memory without the use of strategies. [2 marks] Capacity: Duration: b) Describe chunking and discuss one argument for using chunking and one argument against using it to increase the capacity of short-term memory. [3 marks]
QUESTION 33 (5 marks) Draw and label a diagram to demonstrate neurotransmission.
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Watson and Rayner (1920). a) Describe how fear responses can be learnt and provide an example of this process from the investigation. b) Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination. Identify which occurred in the investigation and provide an example. c) Ina follow-up study researchers showed infants a video of another infant’s reaction to the rat following fear conditioning. Predict the reaction of the infants shown the video when subsequently presented with a rat. Justify your prediction. d) Describe extinction and explain how the learnt fear response could be extinguished in a participant from the follow-up study. [2 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Hudson (1960). a) Identify the lobes of the brain needed to perceive the visual stimuli in the investigation. b) Describe the specific visual perception function of the area of the brain identified in Question 4a). c) Explain perceptual set. Provide an example of how it influenced the participants’ visual perception and interpretation of images in the investigation. d) Explain how a relevant pictorial depth cue would assist in the interpretation of images in the ‘flying bird scene’ from the investigation. e) Explain how cultural skills can affect visual perception and provide an example from the investigation. [1 mark] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 6 (6 marks) An investigation by Craik and Tulving (1975) presented participants with a series of words they had to answer one of three questions about. Each question was designed to elicit a type of encoding. Participants were then given a list of words that included the original series of words and were asked which words they had seen previously. The results are shown. Differences between conditions were statistically significant at P < 0.05. a) b) o) Level of processing 1.00 0.80 mo) eA = 8) 0.60 3 i= aS} & 0.40 or S a 0.20 0.00 Structural Phonetic Semantic Draw a conclusion about encoding in long-term memory. Justify your conclusion with evidence from the investigation. [2 marks] Describe the levels of processing model of memory and identify how the investigation supports this model. [2 marks] Describe encoding failure and explain how information was most likely lost through this process in the investigation. [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 Two vertical lines of equal length are shown with shorter line segments (fins) at the ends. The fins give the illusion that one line is longer than the other. One explanation for this illusion draws on (A) Gestalt principles. (B) ambiguous figures. (C) monocular depth cues. (D) perceptual compromise.
QUESTION 8 In classical conditioning spontaneous recovery refers to (A) producing an extinguished response after re-pairing with the unconditioned stimulus. (B) aresponse being extinguished after being shown with no reinforcement. (C) aresponse to any stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus. (D) producing an extinguished response after a rest period.
QUESTION 9 Phelps (2005) found that damage to the limbic system reduced the ability to recognise the intensity of fearful expressions in other people. This damage most likely occurred to the (A) primary visual cortex. (B) prefrontal cortex. (C) amygdala. (D) HPA axis.
QUESTION 10 Inui et al. (2010) examined the cortical response to sound. The type of sensory memory being studied is (A) olfactory. (B) echoic. (C) haptic. (D) iconic.
QUESTION 11 When you touch a hot stove you instinctively pull your hand away. This demonstrates (A) apolysynaptic reflex. (B) amonosynaptic reflex. (C) an involuntary response from the sympathetic nervous system. (D) an involuntary response from the parasympathetic nervous system.
QUESTION 17 In Watson and Rayner’s (1920) Little Albert experiment a loud noise was repeatedly paired with presentation of a rat. Little Albert’s crying when the rat was later shown is an example of (A) an unconditioned response. (B) an unconditioned stimulus. (C) aconditioned response. (D) aconditioned stimulus.
QUESTION 20 Cells in the visual cortex that respond only to certain components of a stimulus are known as (A) photoreceptor cone cells. (B) photoreceptor rod cells. (C) feature detector cells. (D) retinal ganglion cells.
QUESTION 22 (1 mark) Rowe et al. (2008) recruited patients with a mean age of 69 years for a visual impairment study. They found that 20.5% of patients had visual perceptual difficulties — considerably higher than the rate in the general population. Determine the most likely biological influence on visual perception for these patients.
QUESTION 23 (2 marks) Describe a function of the cerebellum in memory and identify a relevant problem associated with cerebellum damage.
QUESTION 27 (3 marks) Hudson (1960) investigated the effects of social influences on visual perception by presenting two-dimensional drawings with pictorial depth cues to participants from different educational and cultural backgrounds. Describe a conclusion of the investigation and identify two specific findings that support this conclusion.
QUESTION 30 (5 marks) a) Describe what is meant by an unconditioned response in classical conditioning and provide an example. [2 marks] b) Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning providing an example of each from Pavlov’s (1897/1902) research. [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (6 marks) Pathological gambling and other impulse control disorders have similar positive emotional effects to natural rewards such as food and social interaction. Research has shown that impulse control and learning can be negatively influenced by the high levels of dopamine provided in dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). DRT is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) such as rigidity bradykinesia and resting tremor. Avanzi et al. (2006) examined PD patients undergoing DRT and found that their prevalence of pathological gambling was significantly higher than that of control subjects. a) Describe the physical and psychological functions of dopamine providing an example of each from the investigation. [4 marks] b) Discuss the impact of DRT on PD patients. [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 (9 marks) This question refers to an experiment based on methodology used by Bandura Ross and Ross (1961; 1963a; 1963b). Children were placed in an experimental or control group. In the three experimental groups children observed adult models demonstrating aggressive behaviour towards an inflatable doll. They then saw different levels of reward or punishment following this behaviour. Group 1: Adult rewarded. Group 2: Adult punished. Group 3: Adult received no reward or punishment. Group 4 (the control group): Children saw the doll in the room. No adult interacted with it. The children were then placed alone in the room with the doll and their behaviour was observed through a one-way mirror. The groups were ranked according to the children’s behaviour from most to least aggressive. Experimenters found the order to be Group 1 Group 3 Group 4 and Group 2. a) Explain how explicit long-term memory is required for observational learning. Support your response by providing an example from the experiment. [2 marks] b) Describe vicarious reinforcement using an example from the experiment. [2 marks] c) Compare observational learning with operant conditioning using examples from the experiment. [5 marks]
QUESTION 1 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of the (A) _ brain and spinal cord. (B) somatic nervous system and brain. (C) somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (D) spinal cord and autonomic nervous system.
QUESTION 2 The hand movements that musicians use when playing the piano are most likely coordinated by which brain region? (A) thalamus (B) cerebellum (C) prefrontal cortex (D) primary motor cortex
QUESTION 6 Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are similar because both (A) involve learning through observation. (B) require a model in order for learning to take place. (C) involve associating stimulus with reward and punishment. (D) involve an acquisition process whereby the response is conditioned or learnt.
QUESTION 7 Stimulus generalisation for operant conditioning is described as (A) (B) (C) (D) the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli. the weakening of a response after the removal of a pleasant stimulus. the ability to differentiate between stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli. the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a conditioned response following non-reinforcement.
QUESTION 8 Blume (2001) proposed that operant conditioning can be used to explain the behaviour of people who experience addictive behaviours such as substance abuse. In this instance he suggests that people continue to abuse substances because it allows them to avoid withdrawal symptoms that result from cessation. In operant conditioning subjects are continuing to engage in addictive behaviours such as substance abuse as a result of (A) negative punishment. (B) positive punishment. (C) negative reinforcement. (D) positive reinforcement.
QUESTION 12 What is the measure of retention that involves identifying previously learnt information from a list or group of alternatives? (A) recall (B) relearning (C) recognition (D) reconstruction
QUESTION 13 A limitation of the working model of memory is that it (A) is very simplistic and without structure. (B) only focuses on the depth of processing memories. (C) emphasises the structure of memory rather than the process of memory. (D) _ predicts that the deeper information is processed the longer a memory trace will last.
QUESTION 14 Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage which leads to an inability to coordinate muscle movements. The region of the brain affected by this damage is the (A) cerebellum. (B) cerebrum. (C) hypothalamus. (D) medulla.
QUESTION 16 Short-term memory is believed to have a capacity of 7 (+/— 2) items. 45612378745 4 items 3 spaces free From the figure above a conclusion that can be drawn about chunking as a strategy is that it (A) (B) (C) (D) enables elaborative rehearsal. assists with maintenance rehearsal. increases the capacity of short-term memory. involves the retrieval of meaningful information from long-term memory.
QUESTION 17 The belief that if someone does something for you then you should do something for them is (A) normative influence. (B) bystander intervention. (C) the reciprocity principle. (D) the social responsibility norm.
QUESTION 20 Sensory receptors detecting the presence of or change to a stimulus is known as the process of (A) _ selection. (B) reception. (C) organisation. (D) transmission.
QUESTION 21 Recognising perspective in drawings as in the figure above is a result of (A) cultural processes. (B) physical processes. (C) attentional processes. (D) evolutionary processes.
QUESTION 24 The duration of long-term memory is (A) permanent. (B) approximately 5 years. (C) approximately 10 years. (D) approximately 50 years.
QUESTION 26 The mean for the silent study condition was (A) 10.0 (B) 12.0 (C) 14.0 (D) 15.0 In the investigation participants were randomly allocated to either a silent or noisy study condition. In each condition they were instructed to study and learn a novel piece of information. The participants’ memory for this information was then assessed using a multiple choice test. Processed data is presented in the figure below. 16.0 © 15.0 Se 14.0 2 13.0 ym 12.0 = 11.0 = 10.0 ie) Zs = 8. 5 7.0 5 6.0 E 50 | = 40 2 3.0 S 2.0 Z 1.0 0.0 Silent Noisy Study condition
QUESTION 27 The most accurate conclusion that can be drawn about the standard deviation error bars is that the (A) data for the noisy study condition has greater variability than the data for the silent study condition. (B) data for the silent study condition has greater variability than the data for the noisy study condition. (C) data for the noisy study condition has similar variability to the data for the silent study condition. (D) two conditions are not statistically significantly different from each other. In the investigation participants were randomly allocated to either a silent or noisy study condition. In each condition they were instructed to study and learn a novel piece of information. The participants’ memory for this information was then assessed using a multiple choice test. Processed data is presented in the figure below. 16.0 15.0 = 14.0 2 13.0 ym 12.0 = 11.0 <= 10.0 >) 2 8 e. . 5S 7.0 [5 60 = 50 f— E 40 2 3.0 S 2.0 Z 1.0 0.0 Silent Noisy Study condition
QUESTION 29 Which of the following is an example of the Miiller-Lyer visual illusion? (A) (B) | (C) (D) NEZ SIN
QUESTION 31 (2 marks) Draw a diagram to show the process of neurotransmitter release within neurotransmission. Label the diagram with an X at the point where neurotransmitter release occurs.
QUESTION 34 (3 marks) In an experiment by Wispe & Drambarean (1953) participants were either given food or deprived of food for a period of time prior to experimentation. In the experiment researchers flashed either neutral or food-related words on a screen. They found that participants who were deprived of food more readily recognised the food-related words. Explain how motivation influences visual perception with reference to psychological and physiological factors. Provide an example from the experiment.
QUESTION 38 (1 mark) Distinguish between modelling and vicarious conditioning.
QUESTION 39 (1 mark) Distinguish between the role of glutamate (Glu) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain.
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) This question refers to the case study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920). a) b) C) d) e) Describe learned fear responses using an example from the case study. If investigators had been able to obtain an fMRI of Albert B’s brain during conditioning which discrete area of the brain would have responded? In the conditioning of Albert B identify the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the unconditioned response (UCR) by using examples from the case study. Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination using an example from the case study. Describe extinction using an example from the case study. [2 marks] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 (6 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Ross Amabile and Steinmetz (1977). Researchers looked at role-advantaged and role-disadvantaged actors. They suggested that social perceivers characteristically fail to make the necessary allowances and consequently draw inaccurate social conclusions. The roles studied were those of the questioner and the contestant in a general knowledge quiz. After being randomly assigned these roles (by flipping a coin in their presence) both subjects heard a description of their own role and that of their co-participant. The questioner’s duties consisted of preparing ten ‘challenging but not impossible’ questions from their own store of general knowledge and then posing them to the contestant whose only duty was to try to answer those questions. Finally at the conclusion of the session the two participants and outside observers in a subsequent re-enactment were required to rate the questioner’s and the contestant’s general knowledge. a) Explain the types of explicit long-term memory using examples from the experiment. [4 marks] b) Identify the type of attribution all participants used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark] c) Identify the type of attribution all participants should have used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark]
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation conducted by Tidwell Eastwick and Finkel (2013). Researchers aimed to investigate whether actual or perceived similarity led to greater romantic attraction. To do this participants completed a questionnaire that assessed several personality traits. They then attended a speed-dating event. During the event participants had 12 one-on-one dates with individuals of the opposite sex. Each date lasted for approximately four minutes at which point the participants were instructed to stand and move on to their next date. During the dates participants were encouraged to find out about their dates’ personalities interests and personal histories in order to get to know them. Immediately following each date participants completed an interaction questionnaire where they recorded their dates’ perceived characteristics (e.g. physically attractive charismatic) their perceived similarity and their romantic liking. From this the researchers calculated actual and perceived similarity for each pair. The results indicated that perceived similarity significantly predicted romantic attraction. a) During the speed-dating events the frontal lobes of participants would have shown high levels of activity. Recall two specific functions of the frontal lobe and identify an example of each from the investigation. [4 marks] b) Identify what origin of attraction was investigated. Provide evidence from the investigation that supports the origin identified. [2 marks] c) Describe a biological theory of attraction. Provide an example from the investigation that would support this theory. [2 marks]
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the brain? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 37 (1 mark) Describe spontaneous recovery as it relates to operant conditioning.
QUESTION 21 Cole (2013) asked participants to estimate the distance to a target location. Researchers had measured the waist-to-hip ratios of participants and manipulated their motivational states. They concluded that these two factors interacted to affect visual perception. Which of the following biological influences on visual perception best describes this study with regards to distance perception? (A) ageing (B) genetics (C) cultural skills (D) psychological make-up
QUESTION 4 Which brain region is responsible for spatial abilities? (A) prefrontal cortex (B) temporal lobe (C) hippocampus (D) amygdala
QUESTION 15 Which memory technique involves linking new information to existing knowledge to support encoding? (A) maintenance rehearsal (B) elaborative rehearsal (C) method of loci (D) SQ4R
QUESTION 15 When other memories cause problems with the retrieval of information from long-term memory this is known as (A) retrieval failure. (B) encoding failure. (C) interference effects. (D) motivated forgetting.
QUESTION 30 Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are possibly caused by a decrease in the production of (A) dopamine. (B) epinephrine. (C) acetylcholine. (D) norepinephrine.
QUESTION 1 Which of the following conditions had the least variability? Study condition Test condition Mean score Standard Mean score Standard deviation deviation test (/10) Multiple choice | Silent test SE (A) silent multiple choice test with the silent study condition (B) silent multiple choice test with the noisy study condition (C) noisy multiple choice test with the silent study condition (D) noisy multiple choice test with the noisy study condition
QUESTION 7 The key protein associated with Parkinson’s disease is (A) (B) (C) (D) dipeptide repeat. alpha-synuclein. beta amyloid. tau.
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