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QUESTION 8 In the 1920 Little Albert experiment Watson taught the child to fear rats by associating them with an unpleasant noise. Little Albert’s response of crying and trembling when the rat was presented is (A) areflexive response. (B) amodelled response. (C) aconditioned response. (D) an unconditioned response.
QUESTION 9 An aversive or unpleasant stimulus that strengthens behaviour by its removal is known as (A) positive punishment. (B) negative punishment. (C) positive reinforcement. (D) negative reinforcement.
QUESTION 10 Researchers showed toddlers their mothers being exposed to a rubber snake. In the control group the mothers had a neutral expression while 1n the experimental group the mother’s reaction was negative (panic and avoidance). The results indicated that when presented with the rubber snake toddlers tended to react in a similar way to their mothers. The investigation demonstrates modelling because the toddlers (A) tend to generalise their behaviour to all snakes. (B) observed the consequences of their mother’s behaviour. (C) learned to reproduce the behaviours exhibited by the mothers. (D) associated the snake with an emotional reaction creating a learned fear response.
QUESTION 15 Advertising can influence aggression by using techniques taken from classical conditioning whereby consumers learn (A) to identify with certain characters. (B) the consequences of aggressive behaviour. (C) to associate two previously unrelated stimuli. (D) to attend to retain and reproduce certain behaviours.
QUESTION 1 (13 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Pavlov (1897/1902). a) b) d) e) State the unconditioned response (UCR) neutral stimulus (NS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the investigation. UCR: NS: CS: Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination. Support your response with one example of each relevant to the investigation. Describe spontaneous recovery. Support your response with an example relevant to the investigation. Compare Pavlov’s investigation to that conducted by Skinner (1948). Assuming that classical and operant conditioning result in the formation of long-term memories identify the associations that are formed in these types of conditioning. [3 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 7 For classical conditioning extinction is described as (A) the re-emergence of a previously learnt conditioned response. (B) the process in which an organism learns to respond to a restricted range of stimuli. (C) the decrease in frequency of a response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. (D) the process in which an organism learns to respond to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
QUESTION 10 For operant conditioning stimulus discrimination is described as the (A) spontaneous re-emergence of an operant that had been extinguished. (B) tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the stimuli that precede reinforcement. (C) process in which the connection between an operant and a reinforcer or punishment is broken. (D) ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond only to the original stimulus not similar stimuli.
QUESTION 16 Kohlenberg and Tsai (1994) helped people recognise subtle triggers for maladaptive responses in relationships. Behavioural analysis of one couple suggested that one partner was responding to a particular tone in the other partner’s voice regardless of their words. This is an example of (A) positive punishment. (B) negative reinforcement. (C) stimulus generalisation. (D) stimulus discrimination.
QUESTION 27 (1 mark) Distinguish between modelling and vicarious conditioning.
QUESTION 34 (2 marks) The image shows an example of classical conditioning. q ae a Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Dog sees food and salivates. Dog sees food and hears bell Dog hears bell and salivates. and salivates. q State what is meant by the conditioned stimulus (CS) and identify the CS in the image.
QUESTION 1 (7 marks) This question refers to the investigations by Skinner (1948). a) Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement. Provide an example of a positively reinforced response in Skinner’s experiment. [2 marks] b) Describe extinction and spontaneous recovery using an example of each from Skinner’s experiment. [4 marks] c) Contrast the experiment by Skinner (1948) with that conducted by Pavlov (1897 1902). [1 mark]
QUESTION 14 Which image best represents association after conditioning? (A) (B) b a“ Dog hears bell. Dog sees food and salivates. jean Dog sees food and hears bell and salivates. Dog hears bell and salivates. (C)
QUESTION 17 In an operant conditioning experiment pigeons were positively reinforced when they pecked a key with its yellow/green light on. The pigeons were not reinforced when they pecked the key with its red light on. The results were that the pigeons only pecked the key when the yellow/green light was on. This is an example of stimulus (A) pairing. (B) recovery. (C) generalisation. (D) discrimination.
QUESTION 18 According to operant conditioning extinction occurs (A) if reinforcement is discontinued. (B) if there is a change in reinforcement. (C) over time even if reinforcement is continued. (D) for an equal period of time to that spent learning the behaviour.
QUESTION 20 A comparison of the roles of classical conditioning (CC) operant conditioning (OC) and social learning theory (SLT) in the Designae and maintenance of phobias suggests that OC a SLT associate a stimulus and a response CC rewards avoidance CC and SLT associate a stimulus and a response OC rewards avoidance OC associates a stimulus and a response CC and SLT punish avoidance CC associates a stimulus and a response OC and SLT punish avoidance
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Watson and Rayner (1920). a) Describe how fear responses can be learnt and provide an example of this process from the investigation. b) Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination. Identify which occurred in the investigation and provide an example. c) Ina follow-up study researchers showed infants a video of another infant’s reaction to the rat following fear conditioning. Predict the reaction of the infants shown the video when subsequently presented with a rat. Justify your prediction. d) Describe extinction and explain how the learnt fear response could be extinguished in a participant from the follow-up study. [2 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 8 In classical conditioning spontaneous recovery refers to (A) producing an extinguished response after re-pairing with the unconditioned stimulus. (B) aresponse being extinguished after being shown with no reinforcement. (C) aresponse to any stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus. (D) producing an extinguished response after a rest period.
QUESTION 17 In Watson and Rayner’s (1920) Little Albert experiment a loud noise was repeatedly paired with presentation of a rat. Little Albert’s crying when the rat was later shown is an example of (A) an unconditioned response. (B) an unconditioned stimulus. (C) aconditioned response. (D) aconditioned stimulus.
QUESTION 30 (5 marks) a) Describe what is meant by an unconditioned response in classical conditioning and provide an example. [2 marks] b) Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning providing an example of each from Pavlov’s (1897/1902) research. [3 marks]
QUESTION 3 (9 marks) This question refers to an experiment based on methodology used by Bandura Ross and Ross (1961; 1963a; 1963b). Children were placed in an experimental or control group. In the three experimental groups children observed adult models demonstrating aggressive behaviour towards an inflatable doll. They then saw different levels of reward or punishment following this behaviour. Group 1: Adult rewarded. Group 2: Adult punished. Group 3: Adult received no reward or punishment. Group 4 (the control group): Children saw the doll in the room. No adult interacted with it. The children were then placed alone in the room with the doll and their behaviour was observed through a one-way mirror. The groups were ranked according to the children’s behaviour from most to least aggressive. Experimenters found the order to be Group 1 Group 3 Group 4 and Group 2. a) Explain how explicit long-term memory is required for observational learning. Support your response by providing an example from the experiment. [2 marks] b) Describe vicarious reinforcement using an example from the experiment. [2 marks] c) Compare observational learning with operant conditioning using examples from the experiment. [5 marks]
QUESTION 6 Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are similar because both (A) involve learning through observation. (B) require a model in order for learning to take place. (C) involve associating stimulus with reward and punishment. (D) involve an acquisition process whereby the response is conditioned or learnt.
QUESTION 7 Stimulus generalisation for operant conditioning is described as (A) (B) (C) (D) the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli. the weakening of a response after the removal of a pleasant stimulus. the ability to differentiate between stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli. the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a conditioned response following non-reinforcement.
QUESTION 8 Blume (2001) proposed that operant conditioning can be used to explain the behaviour of people who experience addictive behaviours such as substance abuse. In this instance he suggests that people continue to abuse substances because it allows them to avoid withdrawal symptoms that result from cessation. In operant conditioning subjects are continuing to engage in addictive behaviours such as substance abuse as a result of (A) negative punishment. (B) positive punishment. (C) negative reinforcement. (D) positive reinforcement.
QUESTION 38 (1 mark) Distinguish between modelling and vicarious conditioning.
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) This question refers to the case study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920). a) b) C) d) e) Describe learned fear responses using an example from the case study. If investigators had been able to obtain an fMRI of Albert B’s brain during conditioning which discrete area of the brain would have responded? In the conditioning of Albert B identify the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the unconditioned response (UCR) by using examples from the case study. Distinguish between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination using an example from the case study. Describe extinction using an example from the case study. [2 marks] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 37 (1 mark) Describe spontaneous recovery as it relates to operant conditioning.
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