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QUESTION 25 Conversational distance refers to how close people stand to each other when talking and is related to the idea of intimate space. Conversational distance is one measure that characterises differences in (A) accommodation. (B) assimilation. (C) pluralism. (D) culture.
QUESTION 27 Select the row in the table that best describes the differences between pluralism and multiculturalism. Many subcultures within a dominant culture | Lack of a dominant culture Lack of a dominant culture Several dominant cultures
QUESTION 28 Which of the following best describes culture shock? (A) (B) (C) (D) absorption into the dominant culture and abandonment of the traditional culture shared goals that groups or individuals cannot achieve alone or without the other person or group feelings of disorientation and anxiety that occur as people from one culture encounter and adapt to another culture shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive
QUESTION 32 (1 mark) Describe how influence can lead to a sense of community according to McMillan and Chavis (1986).
QUESTION 34 (2 marks) Describe how intergroup contact can reduce prejudice using an example.
QUESTION 11 Superordinate goals reduce prejudice through (A) dependence on one another to meet each person’s goals. (B) shared goals that a group or individuals cannot achieve alone or without other groups or individuals. (C) prolonged and involved cooperative activity in order to meet goals rather than a casual and purposeless contact. (D) social interaction occurring at the same level in order to meet goals without obvious differences in power or status.
QUESTION 21 According to McMillan and Chavis (1986) the feeling that members’ desires will be met by the resources received through their involvement in a group is described as (A) influence. (B) membership. (C) shared emotional connection. (D) integration and fulfilment of needs.
QUESTION 29 (1 mark) Describe why assimilation is a psychological challenge of immigration.
QUESTION 3 (8 marks) This question refers to the cross-cultural study conducted by Buss et al. (1990). a) b) C) d) Education intelligence Pleasing disposition One of the conclusions from the research was that ‘more than females males prefer mates who are physically attractive. More than males females prefer mates who show ambition-industriousness and other signs of earning potential.’ Describe one biological theory of attraction and give two examples from the study that support this theory. [3 marks] Describe ‘culture’ and provide an example from the study. [2 marks] Identify how similarity as an origin of attraction is relevant to the study. [1 mark] The graph displays the locations of each sample in the first two studied dimensions (‘modern’ versus ‘traditional’ and ‘education intelligence and refinement’ versus ‘pleasing disposition’). Identify one piece of evidence that is consistent and one piece of evidence that is inconsistent with similarity as an origin of attraction. [2 marks] India e and refinement e Australia New Zealand e e Bulgaria e Israel Finland e e e Norway Sweden e Ireland e Japan e Estonia 2 Traditional
QUESTION 9 McMillan and Chavis (1986) found that four factors combine to create a sense of community. Along with membership these factors are (A) influence investment and shared emotional connection. (B) shared emotional connection spiritual bonds and investment. (C) integration and fulfilment of needs influence and shared emotional connection. (D) integration and fulfilment of needs spiritual bonds and shared emotional connection.
QUESTION 11 Assimilation occurs when (A) there is no dominant culture and diverse religious ethnic or cultural groups co-exist within a society. (B) aminority group’s cultural markers such as language tradition and food are maintained. (C) there is a dominant culture and minority groups participate fully in the dominant society. (D) aminority group gradually loses all of the markers that set it apart as a separate culture.
QUESTION 31 (5 marks) Miller (1984) asked groups of middle-class adults and children aged 8 11 and 15 from two different cultures to narrate antisocial behaviours and explain what prompts them. The proportion of dispositional attributions for each culture are shown. Describe dispositional attributions and identify two observed differences between cultures | and 2. Use data to explain your reasoning.
QUESTION 1 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Barlow et al. (2012). Researchers surveyed 441 participants from one dominant racial group about the amount of positive and negative contact they had with a minority racial group and the dominant racial group’s prejudicial attitudes towards them. The results included that: * negative contact generally occurred less frequently than positive contact * participants who had more negative contact with the minority racial group reported more prejudicial attitudes and were more likely to avoid culture-based topics of conversation and face-to-face contact * negative contact was a strong predictor of increased prejudice * positive contact was a weaker predictor of reduced prejudice. a) Explain how prejudice can lead to discrimination and provide two examples from the investigation. [3 marks] b) Identify the type of racism experienced in the investigation and describe two ways to reduce this form of prejudice. [3 marks] c) Infer why positive contact may not have reduced the prejudicial attitudes of some members of the dominant racial group. [2 marks]
QUESTION 6 Japanese guests removing their shoes when they enter a home is an expression of (A) culture. (B) pluralism. (C) collectivism. (D) individualism.
QUESTION 19 Groups working together to achieve a shared objective reduces prejudice. This is known as (A) mutual interdependence. (B) equal-status contact. (C) intergroup contact. (D) sustained contact.
QUESTION 26 (3 marks) Describe culture shock and explain two ways to reduce it.
QUESTION 31 (3 marks) Describe multiculturalism and pluralism and identify a difference between them.
QUESTION 9 The shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to coexist are referred to as (A) culture. (B) assimilation. (C) acculturation. (D) culture shock.
QUESTION 23 According to McMillan and Chavis (1986) membership is the feeling of (A) _ sharing history common places and time. (B) being able to make a difference to a group. (C) belonging or sharing a sense of personal relatedness. (D) needs being met by the resources received through membership in a group.
QUESTION 36 (2 marks) Describe one way to reduce prejudice using an example.
QUESTION 41 (4 marks) Graduates of international schools abroad usually return to their home countries because of study and work restrictions in their host countries. Many choose to return to study at universities in their home countries. Gaw (2000) sought to investigate the experiences of returning international students. The research found that overseas-experienced students are an extremely diversified population. Many of these students when re-entering their home cultures encounter readjustment issues similar to culture shock and as a result struggle to acculturate back to their home country’s way of life. Explain how culture shock and acculturation can be psychological challenges of immigration. Support your response with real-world examples that are relevant to the investigation.
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