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QUESTION 18 Acetylcholine is involved in which of the following psychological functions? (A) pleasure and reward (B) learning and memory (C) sleep and emotional arousal (D) articulation and comprehension of speech
QUESTION 19 Which of the following statements best describes semantic memory? (A) memory of learnt skills and actions (B) memory of general world knowledge or facts (C) memory drawn from objects and places experienced (D) memory drawn from events and the people associated
QUESTION 20 Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) asked participants to learn lists of words belonging to different categories e.g. names of animals clothing and sports. When asked to recount the words one group of participants was given category names and the other group was not. Participants in the group not given category names used recall as it involves (A) retrieving stored information using few or no cues for assistance. (B) identifying previously studied information from a list or group of alternatives. (C) grouping separate items in order to increase the capacity of short-term memory. (D) learning information that has been previously learnt and stored in long-term memory.
QUESTION 29 An investigation by Wixted (1991) allowed participants to rehearse words up until the moment of recall. The strategy most likely used by participants in the investigation to improve their memory was (A) maintenance rehearsal. (B) elaborative rehearsal. (C) method of loci. (D) SQ4R method.
QUESTION 35 (2 marks) Salthouse (1994) used a series of five-by-five matrices of 25 letters similar to the image shown. Each matrix was displayed for three seconds. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View in Figure 1A) Illustration of stimulus displays at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy Salthouse/ publication/232504870 The Aging of Working _ Memory/links/0c9605374d12c0ddb9000000/The-Aging- of-Working-Memory.pdf In the verbal version of the task participants were instructed to remember the identities of the letters in grey-shaded squares 1n any order. In the spatial task participants were instructed to remember the positions of the grey-shaded squares regardless of the letters in those positions. Identify one component of the model of working memory that is relevant to the investigation. Support your response with an example from the investigation.
QUESTION 36 (2 marks) Describe encoding failure with reference to an example from everyday life.
QUESTION 5 (6 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Grant et al. (1998). After completing a reading task 1n a silent classroom participants were divided into two condition groups. One group completed a multiple-choice test about the reading task in silence and the other with a background noise. The raw results of both test conditions are presented in this table. d) Determine the mode for the noisy test condition. [1 mark] Calculate the interquartile range IQR = Q;— Q ) for the silent test condition. Show your working. [2 marks] The interquartile range (IQR) for the noisy test condition was 2. Contrast the noisy and silent test conditions referencing the interquartile ranges. [1 mark] To determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the two conditions researchers conducted a two-sample t-test (unpaired). The result was p > .05. Draw a conclusion about what the results of the statistical test show. [2 marks]
QUESTION 9 A limitation of the working model of memory is that it (A) (B) (C) (D) provides no role for rehearsal. emphasises structure rather than processing. does not take into account cross-cultural differences in memory span. provides a poor account of developmental differences in memory span.
QUESTION 15 Recognition involves (A) identifying previously studied information. (B) re-learning previously studied information. (C) manipulating information that has been previously learnt and tested. (D) recalling information from memory with some cues or hints for assistance.
QUESTION 31 (2 marks) Serafine Crowder and Repp (1984) investigated how memories are stored by employing an incidental learning task. Participants were asked to listen to several songs and decide if they were familiar with each song or not. Half of the participants (Group 1) heard familiar folk songs. The other half (Group 2) heard the same familiar songs with new unfamiliar lyrics. Results showed that participants in Group | had a much higher chance of identifying the songs as being familiar. This suggests that memories are stored as associations e.g. lyrics and tune. Describe forgetting due to interference effects with reference to the experiment.
QUESTION 35 (4 marks) In an experiment by Sperling (1960) participants were shown a chart similar to the one below for 50 milliseconds and asked to recall as many letters as possible. The results showed that participants were able to recall between five and six letters. Participants reported that they were aware of more but were unable to state them before they were forgotten. Stimulus redacted. See References: Sperling G ‘The information available in brief visual presentations’ Describe the duration and capacity of visual sensory memory. Support your response with reference to the results of the experiment.
QUESTION 38 (4 marks) Provide an argument for and against using elaborative rehearsal as a strategy to improve memory. Support your response with an example for each argument.
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Grant et al. (1998). sientswaviee | 617] 8[ 8[ 8] [7] 7] 76 Soiysuayeer | | 6/9 fw 4| si oiafols a) Determine the median for the silent study test. [1 mark] b) Draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions from the graph. [3 marks] Confidence intervals g 7 } Z = 6 = 5 > e 4 oO ay S 3 B a) 5 Ay 0 Silent study test Noisy study test
QUESTION 2 Which of the following conditions resulted in the best student performance? Study condition Test condition Mean score Standard Mean score Standard deviation deviation test (/10) a test (/15) (A) silent short answer test with the silent study condition (B) silent short answer test with the noisy study condition (C) silent multiple choice test with the silent study condition (D) silent multiple choice test with the noisy study condition
QUESTION 29 (2 marks) Describe retrieval failure and identify a strategy that could prevent it.
QUESTION 32 (5 marks) a) Identify the capacity and duration of short-term memory without the use of strategies. [2 marks] Capacity: Duration: b) Describe chunking and discuss one argument for using chunking and one argument against using it to increase the capacity of short-term memory. [3 marks]
QUESTION 6 (6 marks) An investigation by Craik and Tulving (1975) presented participants with a series of words they had to answer one of three questions about. Each question was designed to elicit a type of encoding. Participants were then given a list of words that included the original series of words and were asked which words they had seen previously. The results are shown. Differences between conditions were statistically significant at P < 0.05. a) b) o) Level of processing 1.00 0.80 mo) eA = 8) 0.60 3 i= aS} & 0.40 or S a 0.20 0.00 Structural Phonetic Semantic Draw a conclusion about encoding in long-term memory. Justify your conclusion with evidence from the investigation. [2 marks] Describe the levels of processing model of memory and identify how the investigation supports this model. [2 marks] Describe encoding failure and explain how information was most likely lost through this process in the investigation. [2 marks]
QUESTION 10 Inui et al. (2010) examined the cortical response to sound. The type of sensory memory being studied is (A) olfactory. (B) echoic. (C) haptic. (D) iconic.
QUESTION 23 (2 marks) Describe a function of the cerebellum in memory and identify a relevant problem associated with cerebellum damage.
QUESTION 3 (9 marks) This question refers to an experiment based on methodology used by Bandura Ross and Ross (1961; 1963a; 1963b). Children were placed in an experimental or control group. In the three experimental groups children observed adult models demonstrating aggressive behaviour towards an inflatable doll. They then saw different levels of reward or punishment following this behaviour. Group 1: Adult rewarded. Group 2: Adult punished. Group 3: Adult received no reward or punishment. Group 4 (the control group): Children saw the doll in the room. No adult interacted with it. The children were then placed alone in the room with the doll and their behaviour was observed through a one-way mirror. The groups were ranked according to the children’s behaviour from most to least aggressive. Experimenters found the order to be Group 1 Group 3 Group 4 and Group 2. a) Explain how explicit long-term memory is required for observational learning. Support your response by providing an example from the experiment. [2 marks] b) Describe vicarious reinforcement using an example from the experiment. [2 marks] c) Compare observational learning with operant conditioning using examples from the experiment. [5 marks]
QUESTION 12 What is the measure of retention that involves identifying previously learnt information from a list or group of alternatives? (A) recall (B) relearning (C) recognition (D) reconstruction
QUESTION 13 A limitation of the working model of memory is that it (A) is very simplistic and without structure. (B) only focuses on the depth of processing memories. (C) emphasises the structure of memory rather than the process of memory. (D) _ predicts that the deeper information is processed the longer a memory trace will last.
QUESTION 16 Short-term memory is believed to have a capacity of 7 (+/— 2) items. 45612378745 4 items 3 spaces free From the figure above a conclusion that can be drawn about chunking as a strategy is that it (A) (B) (C) (D) enables elaborative rehearsal. assists with maintenance rehearsal. increases the capacity of short-term memory. involves the retrieval of meaningful information from long-term memory.
QUESTION 24 The duration of long-term memory is (A) permanent. (B) approximately 5 years. (C) approximately 10 years. (D) approximately 50 years.
QUESTION 26 The mean for the silent study condition was (A) 10.0 (B) 12.0 (C) 14.0 (D) 15.0 In the investigation participants were randomly allocated to either a silent or noisy study condition. In each condition they were instructed to study and learn a novel piece of information. The participants’ memory for this information was then assessed using a multiple choice test. Processed data is presented in the figure below. 16.0 © 15.0 Se 14.0 2 13.0 ym 12.0 = 11.0 = 10.0 ie) Zs = 8. 5 7.0 5 6.0 E 50 | = 40 2 3.0 S 2.0 Z 1.0 0.0 Silent Noisy Study condition
QUESTION 3 (6 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Ross Amabile and Steinmetz (1977). Researchers looked at role-advantaged and role-disadvantaged actors. They suggested that social perceivers characteristically fail to make the necessary allowances and consequently draw inaccurate social conclusions. The roles studied were those of the questioner and the contestant in a general knowledge quiz. After being randomly assigned these roles (by flipping a coin in their presence) both subjects heard a description of their own role and that of their co-participant. The questioner’s duties consisted of preparing ten ‘challenging but not impossible’ questions from their own store of general knowledge and then posing them to the contestant whose only duty was to try to answer those questions. Finally at the conclusion of the session the two participants and outside observers in a subsequent re-enactment were required to rate the questioner’s and the contestant’s general knowledge. a) Explain the types of explicit long-term memory using examples from the experiment. [4 marks] b) Identify the type of attribution all participants used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark] c) Identify the type of attribution all participants should have used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark]
QUESTION 4 Which brain region is responsible for spatial abilities? (A) prefrontal cortex (B) temporal lobe (C) hippocampus (D) amygdala
QUESTION 15 Which memory technique involves linking new information to existing knowledge to support encoding? (A) maintenance rehearsal (B) elaborative rehearsal (C) method of loci (D) SQ4R
QUESTION 15 When other memories cause problems with the retrieval of information from long-term memory this is known as (A) retrieval failure. (B) encoding failure. (C) interference effects. (D) motivated forgetting.
QUESTION 1 Which of the following conditions had the least variability? Study condition Test condition Mean score Standard Mean score Standard deviation deviation test (/10) Multiple choice | Silent test SE (A) silent multiple choice test with the silent study condition (B) silent multiple choice test with the noisy study condition (C) noisy multiple choice test with the silent study condition (D) noisy multiple choice test with the noisy study condition
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