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QUESTION 3 Explicit attitudes are (A) aperson’s conscious views towards people objects or concepts. (B) learned ideas we hold about ourselves others objects and experiences. (C) positive and negative evaluations that are not accessible to our conscious awareness. (D) oversimplified images of people who belong to a particular group causing them to appear more similar than they are.
QUESTION 5 An investigation by Minard (1952) found that below ground 80% of white miners were friendly towards black miners whereas above ground this dropped to 20%. The behaviour of the miners above ground demonstrates (A) cognitive dissonance. (B) discrimination. (C) stereotyping. (D) prejudice.
QUESTION 6 Experiments by Tajfel (1970) demonstrated that dividing participants into arbitrary groups produces 1n-group favouritism — the tendency to respond more positively say with rewards to the people from in-groups (‘us’) than people from out-groups (‘them’). Which stage of social identity theory do these experiments demonstrate? (A) social categorisation (B) social identification (C) social comparison (D) social evaluation
QUESTION 23 The components of the tri-component model are known as affective behavioural and (A) active. (B) physical. (C) cognitive. (D) emotional.
QUESTION 24 Blaming a person or group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making is known as (A) scapegoating. (B) group prejudice. (C) direct experience. (D) personal discrimination.
QUESTION 26 Explicit racism is characterised by (A) the unequal treatment of some people who should have the same rights as others. (B) any speech or behaviour that demonstrates a conscious awareness of prejudicial attitudes. (C) schemas and qualities ascribed to a group of people based on qualities such as ethnicity or gender. (D) unconscious biases expectations or tendencies that exist within an individual regardless of ill will or any self-aware prejudices.
QUESTION 38 (3 marks) Contrast self-serving and confirmation biases. Give an example of each.
QUESTION 3 (13 marks) This question refers to the study by Darley and Latane (1968). a) b) c) d) Describe how empathy as a personal characteristic may have increased the prosocial behaviour of the participants in the study. Describe situational and dispositional attributions and then identify how each could be used to explain the behaviour of participants in the study. Describe the three stages of the model of bystander intervention using examples from the study for each stage. Participants who failed to report the emergency showed signs of extreme concern when the experimenter entered the room to terminate the study. Many showed physical signs of nervousness and seemed more emotionally charged than those who did report the emergency. Infer why this group of participants may have reacted this way. [2 marks] [4 marks] [6 marks] [1 mark]
QUESTION 4 Personal prejudice is (A) blaming a group for the actions of others. (B) attitudes held to conform with group views. (C) negative thoughts stereotypes and actions towards others based on race. (D) an opinion of another person based on their real or perceived group membership.
QUESTION 6 Self-serving bias is the tendency for people to (A) (B) (C) (D) attribute their own behavioural successes to personal factors that are in their control. infer that a person’s behaviour is due to the situation or environment they are in. infer that self-serving factors are the cause of an event or behaviour. search for approval for what they believe.
QUESTION 13 Implicit racism is characterised as negative (A) (B) (C) (D) treatment of people based on race. stereotypes about members of another racial group. overt actions towards members of a particular cultural group. unconscious actions towards members of another racial group.
QUESTION 18 Associating people’s behaviour with their internal characteristics is (A) situational bias. (B) correspondence bias. (C) _ situational attribution. (D) dispositional attribution.
QUESTION 36 (2 marks) Identify one strength and one limitation of social identity theory.
QUESTION 2 (11 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Asch (1951). a) Describe explicit and implicit attitudes with reference to the experiment. [4 marks] b) Describe the type of group social influence displayed. Provide an example from the experiment to support your response. [2 marks] In another study researchers replicated Asch’s methodology. However half the participants were instructed to state their responses publicly and the other half privately. c) Predict the behaviour of participants in the public group. Give a reason for your response. —_/2 marks] d) Infer whether the participants in Asch’s experiment would have experienced cognitive dissonance. Give a reason for your response. [2 marks] e) Identify the significance of Asch’s experiment for social psychological research. [1 mark]
QUESTION 12 Discrimination is (A) a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or experience. (B) an unconscious unfavourable belief about a group of people. (C) anegative overt thought about members of a cultural group. (D) the behavioural manifestation of a prejudicial attitude.
QUESTION 19 In an experiment participants were asked to select statements expressing how much they favoured one category of people over another. An example was ‘I strongly prefer young people to old people’. This experiment was investigating (A) discrimination and scapegoating. (B) stereotypes and direct experience. (C) explicit attitudes and group prejudice. (D) implicit attitudes and the prejudiced personality.
QUESTION 25 (1 mark) Contrast self-serving bias and confirmation bias.
QUESTION 27 (3 marks) Describe prejudice and provide two examples.
QUESTION 30 (2 marks) Identify one strength and one limitation of social identity theory.
QUESTION 31 (5 marks) Miller (1984) asked groups of middle-class adults and children aged 8 11 and 15 from two different cultures to narrate antisocial behaviours and explain what prompts them. The proportion of dispositional attributions for each culture are shown. Describe dispositional attributions and identify two observed differences between cultures | and 2. Use data to explain your reasoning.
QUESTION 1 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Barlow et al. (2012). Researchers surveyed 441 participants from one dominant racial group about the amount of positive and negative contact they had with a minority racial group and the dominant racial group’s prejudicial attitudes towards them. The results included that: * negative contact generally occurred less frequently than positive contact * participants who had more negative contact with the minority racial group reported more prejudicial attitudes and were more likely to avoid culture-based topics of conversation and face-to-face contact * negative contact was a strong predictor of increased prejudice * positive contact was a weaker predictor of reduced prejudice. a) Explain how prejudice can lead to discrimination and provide two examples from the investigation. [3 marks] b) Identify the type of racism experienced in the investigation and describe two ways to reduce this form of prejudice. [3 marks] c) Infer why positive contact may not have reduced the prejudicial attitudes of some members of the dominant racial group. [2 marks]
QUESTION 5 (6 marks) This question refers to a modified investigation based on the methodology of Bargh Chen and Burrows (1996). The investigation (Experiment 2) was designed to test whether there is a relationship between stereotype activations and behaviour using the time taken to climb a set of stairs. Researchers predicted that there would be no relationship between stereotype activation and behaviour (time taken). Participants were instructed to work on a scrambled sentences task as part of a language proficiency experiment. The scrambled sentences task contained 0 2 4 6 8 or 10 primes relevant to an athletic stereotype (fit strong active etc.) or a non-athletic stereotype (frail weak uncoordinated etc.). Researchers then recorded the time taken for each participant to walk up the set of stairs outside the room. The results are shown. 9.4 9.2 9.0 2 88 < oO S 8.6 EB 84 ep 8.2 < ZB 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 Number of primes Key A Average time taken (athletic) [Average time taken (non-athletic) Condition Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient a) Identify the level of measurement used in the investigation. [1 mark] b) Identify the two relationships in the graph. [2 marks] c) Infer whether the prediction made by researchers was correct. Justify your response using data in the table. [3 marks]
QUESTION 4 An example of discrimination 1s (A) (B) (C) (D) holding a negative attitude towards people born in a different country. avoiding interactions with people from a different race. believing that men are better drivers than women. thinking that young people are unreliable.
QUESTION 12 Cramton (2002) found that work groups in different locations formed in-groups and out-groups based on location. This increased the tendency to attribute behaviour of out-group members to their personal qualities especially when this presented them in a bad light. Which two processes in social psychology does this reflect? (A) prejudice and self-serving bias (B) discrimination and confirmation bias (C) social identification and situational attributions (D) social comparison and the fundamental attribution error
QUESTION 18 Kutner Wilkins and Yarrow (1952) had a group comprised of one African-American and two white participants enter different restaurants in a predominantly white suburb in the United States. All were served a meal. Weeks later experimenters called each restaurant to make a table reservation for a mixed-race group and more than half of the restaurants refused this booking. Restaurants were inconsistent in which component of the tri-component model of attitudes? (A) experience (B) behaviour (C) cognition (D) affect
QUESTION 25 (3 marks) Van der Meer et al. (2020) recruited participants with strong views on certain social issues to view eight headlines relevant to those issues. The headlines came from media outlets with different political orientations. Participants were asked to rate the likelihood that they would read each article. The study found that participants more often rated articles consistent with their views as ‘highly likely to read’. a) Describe a source of cognitive dissonance from this study. [1 mark] b) Contrast confirmation bias and self-serving bias. Identify which bias was responsible for how participants rated articles. [2 marks]
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Describe ageism and identify a behaviour that may result from it.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) This question refers to the theory of cognitive dissonance proposed by Festinger (1957). a) Describe implicit attitudes and explain how cognitive dissonance may reveal them. [2 marks] b) Describe identification as a form of social influence and explain how it could lead to cognitive dissonance. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (6 marks) This question refers to the social psychological research conducted by Milgram (1963). a) Draw aconclusion about obedience using evidence from the research. [2 marks] People interpreting the findings of this experiment may conclude that the participants were cruel. b) Describe fundamental attribution errors and explain why this interpretation can be seen as a fundamental attribution error. [2 marks] In a variation on the Milgram experiment (Slater et al. 2006) participants administered a series of word association memory tests to a female virtual character referred to as ‘the Learner’. They were instructed to deliver electric shocks to the Learner in response to errors on the tests. Group 1 saw and heard the Learner as an animation on a screen whereas Group 2 communicated with her only through a text interface. Despite all participants knowing that both the Learner and the shocks were not real they tended to behave as if the situation was real. c) Predict whether the two groups were likely to demonstrate similar levels of obedience. Justify your prediction based on Milgram’s (1963) findings. [2 marks]
QUESTION 10 Prejudice is defined as (A) the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviours. (B) evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups. (C) negative emotional attitudes toward members of a social group. (D) the initial perceptions of another person that affect future beliefs about that person.
QUESTION 11 Scapegoating is defined as (A) prejudice held because of conformity with group views. (B) attitudes formed through direct behavioural experience. (C) apersonality characteristic defined by rigidity inhibition and prejudice. (D) blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making.
QUESTION 18 The phenomenon where people tend to see themselves in a more positive light than others see them 1s known as (A) _ self-serving bias. (B) confirmation bias. (C) _ situational attribution. (D) fundamental attribution error.
QUESTION 33 (2 marks) Describe prejudice expressed as ageism using an example.
QUESTION 40 (1 mark) Describe explicit racism.
QUESTION 1 (5 marks) This question refers to the investigation conducted by Tajfel (1970). Tajfel defined social norms as ‘an individual’s expectation of how others expect [them] to behave and [their] expectation of how others will behave in any given social situation’. a) Predict how social norms may have influenced the behaviour of the participants in Tajfel’s investigation. [1 mark] b) Explain how the investigation was significant for the development of social identity theory with reference to two out of the three elements. Use examples from the investigation to support your conclusions. [4 marks]
QUESTION 3 (6 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Ross Amabile and Steinmetz (1977). Researchers looked at role-advantaged and role-disadvantaged actors. They suggested that social perceivers characteristically fail to make the necessary allowances and consequently draw inaccurate social conclusions. The roles studied were those of the questioner and the contestant in a general knowledge quiz. After being randomly assigned these roles (by flipping a coin in their presence) both subjects heard a description of their own role and that of their co-participant. The questioner’s duties consisted of preparing ten ‘challenging but not impossible’ questions from their own store of general knowledge and then posing them to the contestant whose only duty was to try to answer those questions. Finally at the conclusion of the session the two participants and outside observers in a subsequent re-enactment were required to rate the questioner’s and the contestant’s general knowledge. a) Explain the types of explicit long-term memory using examples from the experiment. [4 marks] b) Identify the type of attribution all participants used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark] c) Identify the type of attribution all participants should have used when rating the performance of the contestants in the experiment. [1 mark]
QUESTION 5 (8 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Bargh Chen and Burrows (1996). In the experiment researchers sought to explore whether attitudes could be automatically activated. a) Describe implicit attitudes using an example from the experiment. [2 marks] As part of the methodology participants were primed with stereotypes about older people. b) Describe stereotypes with reference to the tri-component model of attitudes. Provide examples from the experiment of two components of the model. [6 marks]
QUESTION 3 Explicit attitudes are (A) aperson’s conscious views towards people objects or concepts. (B) learned ideas we hold about ourselves others objects and experiences. (C) positive and negative evaluations that are not accessible to our conscious awareness. (D) oversimplified images of people who belong to a particular group causing them to appear more similar than they are.
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