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QUESTION 22 The Ames room illusion demonstrates the fallibility of visual perception as it causes the observer to (A) misapply shape constancy but maintain size constancy. (B) misapply size constancy but maintain shape constancy. (C) muisapply size constancy but maintain linear perspective cues. (D) misapply shape constancy but maintain linear perspective cues.
QUESTION 30 The investigation by Deregowski (1972) found that one group of participants preferred split-type drawings similar to image A rather than perspective drawings similar to image B. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View figure in Deregowski J.B. (1972) Pictorial perception and culture. Scientific American 227 82-88 DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican1172-82 This preference was most likely due to (A) culture. (B) depth cues. (C) motivation. (D) size constancy.
QUESTION 4 (11 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Humphrey and Jolicoeur (1993). The researchers examined whether the identification of objects is influenced by the type of background on which they are seen. Participants were presented with 32 common objects on one of two backgrounds one with depth cues and one without such cues. An example can be seen in the figure where image A has a background without depth and image B has a depth background. The results found that objects were identified more rapidly when presented on the background with depth cues. Researchers concluded that depth backgrounds provided monocular depth cues that assisted in the encoding and recognition of the objects. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View Figure 2 ‘Depth background and the background without depth’ at https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Examination-of-the-Effects-of- Axis-Monocular-and-Humphrey-Jolicoeur/361cSbb0cf4f131622fc33f2ddbd910 38742 \ cf. a) State which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing the visual images. [1 mark] b) Explain the process of visual perception that enables participants to view and then interpret the images presented from the first stage of the eyes to the final identification of the object. [6 marks] c) Explain a depth cue and an aspect of visual constancy as psychological influences on visual perception evident in the experiment. [4 marks]
QUESTION 14 This image represents (A) the Ponzo illusion. (B) an impossible figure. (C) an ambiguous figure. (D) the Miller-Lyer illusion.
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Toch and Schulte (1961) conducted a study in which participants viewed one set of pictures that could be perceived as violent and another set that could be perceived as neutral. The methodology involved two groups of participants viewing 18 pictures in total. They were then asked to recall as many pictures as possible. Some of the results are shown. Stimulus redacted. Identify a psychological influence on visual perception and explain how it may have led to these results.
QUESTION 32 (1 mark) State the biological influence that causes colour blindness.
QUESTION 33 (3 marks) Explain transduction as a process of early visual perception.
QUESTION 13 Which type of optical illusion involves a two-dimensional figure that people interpret as three-dimensional? (A) Ponzo illusion (B) Impossible figure (C) Ambiguous figure (D) Miller-Lyer illusion
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Hudson (1960). a) Identify the lobes of the brain needed to perceive the visual stimuli in the investigation. b) Describe the specific visual perception function of the area of the brain identified in Question 4a). c) Explain perceptual set. Provide an example of how it influenced the participants’ visual perception and interpretation of images in the investigation. d) Explain how a relevant pictorial depth cue would assist in the interpretation of images in the ‘flying bird scene’ from the investigation. e) Explain how cultural skills can affect visual perception and provide an example from the investigation. [1 mark] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 Two vertical lines of equal length are shown with shorter line segments (fins) at the ends. The fins give the illusion that one line is longer than the other. One explanation for this illusion draws on (A) Gestalt principles. (B) ambiguous figures. (C) monocular depth cues. (D) perceptual compromise.
QUESTION 20 Cells in the visual cortex that respond only to certain components of a stimulus are known as (A) photoreceptor cone cells. (B) photoreceptor rod cells. (C) feature detector cells. (D) retinal ganglion cells.
QUESTION 22 (1 mark) Rowe et al. (2008) recruited patients with a mean age of 69 years for a visual impairment study. They found that 20.5% of patients had visual perceptual difficulties — considerably higher than the rate in the general population. Determine the most likely biological influence on visual perception for these patients.
QUESTION 27 (3 marks) Hudson (1960) investigated the effects of social influences on visual perception by presenting two-dimensional drawings with pictorial depth cues to participants from different educational and cultural backgrounds. Describe a conclusion of the investigation and identify two specific findings that support this conclusion.
QUESTION 20 Sensory receptors detecting the presence of or change to a stimulus is known as the process of (A) _ selection. (B) reception. (C) organisation. (D) transmission.
QUESTION 21 Recognising perspective in drawings as in the figure above is a result of (A) cultural processes. (B) physical processes. (C) attentional processes. (D) evolutionary processes.
QUESTION 27 The most accurate conclusion that can be drawn about the standard deviation error bars is that the (A) data for the noisy study condition has greater variability than the data for the silent study condition. (B) data for the silent study condition has greater variability than the data for the noisy study condition. (C) data for the noisy study condition has similar variability to the data for the silent study condition. (D) two conditions are not statistically significantly different from each other. In the investigation participants were randomly allocated to either a silent or noisy study condition. In each condition they were instructed to study and learn a novel piece of information. The participants’ memory for this information was then assessed using a multiple choice test. Processed data is presented in the figure below. 16.0 15.0 = 14.0 2 13.0 ym 12.0 = 11.0 <= 10.0 >) 2 8 e. . 5S 7.0 [5 60 = 50 f— E 40 2 3.0 S 2.0 Z 1.0 0.0 Silent Noisy Study condition
QUESTION 29 Which of the following is an example of the Miiller-Lyer visual illusion? (A) (B) | (C) (D) NEZ SIN
QUESTION 34 (3 marks) In an experiment by Wispe & Drambarean (1953) participants were either given food or deprived of food for a period of time prior to experimentation. In the experiment researchers flashed either neutral or food-related words on a screen. They found that participants who were deprived of food more readily recognised the food-related words. Explain how motivation influences visual perception with reference to psychological and physiological factors. Provide an example from the experiment.
QUESTION 21 Cole (2013) asked participants to estimate the distance to a target location. Researchers had measured the waist-to-hip ratios of participants and manipulated their motivational states. They concluded that these two factors interacted to affect visual perception. Which of the following biological influences on visual perception best describes this study with regards to distance perception? (A) ageing (B) genetics (C) cultural skills (D) psychological make-up
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