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QUESTION 14 Aronson and Worchel (1966) led participants to believe that the person with whom they had interacted either liked them or disliked them. The results indicated that ‘liking’ had a significant effect on the participants’ feelings for the other person. Which origin of attraction do the results of this investigation support? (A) proximity (B) similarity (C) familiarity (D) reciprocity
QUESTION 40 (4 marks) Discuss the general aggression model (GAM) by providing an argument for and against the model. Provide an example for each argument.
QUESTION 2 (7 marks) This question refers to the experiments by Cialdini et al. (2006). a) b) c) Identify a factor that may have reduced the antisocial behaviour of the participants in the experiments. Give a reason for your judgment. [2 marks] Describe social responsibility as a factor that may have increased the prosocial behaviour of participants in the experiments. [2 marks] In a follow-up study signs were placed at the entry to a beach where dune regeneration was required after a cyclone. The words on the signs were ‘Please do not walk on the dunes.’ and ‘The vast majority of beach goers have avoided the dunes allowing their regeneration.’ Predict which sign will be more effective. Give reasons for your response based on the findings of the original experiments. [3 marks]
QUESTION 3 (13 marks) This question refers to the study by Darley and Latane (1968). a) b) c) d) Describe how empathy as a personal characteristic may have increased the prosocial behaviour of the participants in the study. Describe situational and dispositional attributions and then identify how each could be used to explain the behaviour of participants in the study. Describe the three stages of the model of bystander intervention using examples from the study for each stage. Participants who failed to report the emergency showed signs of extreme concern when the experimenter entered the room to terminate the study. Many showed physical signs of nervousness and seemed more emotionally charged than those who did report the emergency. Infer why this group of participants may have reacted this way. [2 marks] [4 marks] [6 marks] [1 mark]
QUESTION 5 According to Duck’s stages of dissolution in the dyadic phase individuals (A) (B) (C) (D) retrospectively make sense of the relationship’s history by developing an account that casts the individual in a favourable light. reveal their concerns regarding the relationship to their partner and attempt to redefine the relationship. internalise reflections on the state of the relationship generally and the partner specifically. recognise that relationships are embedded in social networks.
QUESTION 12 Robinson and O’Leary-Kelly (2017) investigated antisocial behaviour at work. They found a positive relationship between the level of antisocial behaviour exhibited by an individual and that exhibited by their co-workers. What factor most likely affected the antisocial behaviour in this investigation? (A) social influence (B) audience inhibition (C) cost-benefit analysis (D) diffusion of responsibility
QUESTION 17 These results are from an investigation in which smoke was introduced into a room while different groupings of participants completed a questionnaire. Condition Reporting smoke (%) Alone 75 Two passive confederates 10 Three naive subjects 38 Darley and Latane’s (1968) model of bystander intervention would attribute these results to (A) a loss of social identity and inhibition. (B) the tendency for an individual to reduce their effort in a group. (C) the presence of others reducing the likelihood of prosocial behaviour. (D) individuals changing their behaviour as a result of real or implied pressure from others.
QUESTION 22 Competence can lead to prosocial behaviour as a person (A) believes they have the skills and abilities required to solve the problem. (B) has the capacity to understand another person’s experiences both cognitively and emotionally. (C) has relatively extended emotional states that do not shift attention or disrupt ongoing activities. (D) behaves in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain or with potential cost to oneself.
QUESTION 3 (8 marks) This question refers to the cross-cultural study conducted by Buss et al. (1990). a) b) C) d) Education intelligence Pleasing disposition One of the conclusions from the research was that ‘more than females males prefer mates who are physically attractive. More than males females prefer mates who show ambition-industriousness and other signs of earning potential.’ Describe one biological theory of attraction and give two examples from the study that support this theory. [3 marks] Describe ‘culture’ and provide an example from the study. [2 marks] Identify how similarity as an origin of attraction is relevant to the study. [1 mark] The graph displays the locations of each sample in the first two studied dimensions (‘modern’ versus ‘traditional’ and ‘education intelligence and refinement’ versus ‘pleasing disposition’). Identify one piece of evidence that is consistent and one piece of evidence that is inconsistent with similarity as an origin of attraction. [2 marks] India e and refinement e Australia New Zealand e e Bulgaria e Israel Finland e e e Norway Sweden e Ireland e Japan e Estonia 2 Traditional
QUESTION 5 Adolescents often see social media personalities as role models. In this context social media personalities are (A) attending to and reproducing the behaviours of adolescents. (B) vicariously reinforced by the behaviours of adolescents. (C) agents of secondary socialisation. (D) displaying primary socialisation.
QUESTION 6 In an investigation students in shared accommodation were given questionnaires at two different times during the semester. The questionnaires asked about early and later attraction to other students. The results showed that in the first few weeks of the semester students reported being most attracted to people they shared accommodation with. However as the semester progressed students reported being most attracted to people who held compatible attitudes. Identify the type of attraction experienced by students later in the semester. (A) similarity (B) proximity (C) familiarity (D) reciprocity
QUESTION 8 Researchers investigating unfriending behaviours on a social media platform found that most people communicated their concerns in an effort to fix issues before ending the relationship. Which stage of Duck’s stages of dissolution does this represent? (A) social (B) dyadic (C) intrapsychic (D) grave-dressing
QUESTION 16 Ross (1971) examined the reactions of 36 undergraduates who were presented with emergency situations in the presence of two non-responding adult confederates or two non-responding child confederates. It was found that participants responded more quickly in the presence of children. Researchers were investigating (A) cost-benefit analysis and empathy. (B) diffusion of responsibility and competence. (C) bystander intervention and social responsibility. (D) the reciprocity principle and audience inhibition.
QUESTION 22 (3 marks) Explain how advertising video games and social media can influence aggression.
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Describe altruism and provide an example of this behaviour.
QUESTION 3 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Haney Banks and Zimbardo (1973). a) Describe how power operated for each group in the investigation. [4 marks] b) Describe the role of identification in group social influence and provide an example of it from the investigation. [2 marks] c) Identify another factor that may have influenced the antisocial behaviour of the participants and provide an example from the investigation. [2 marks]
QUESTION 2 Buss et al. (1990) interviewed participants from 37 cultures and found evidence of universal traits for mate selection. This supports (A) social theories of attraction. (B) cultural theories of attraction. (C) cognitive theories of attraction. (D) biological theories of attraction.
QUESTION 13 The expectation that you will help a person who has previously helped you is known as (A) altruism. (B) empathy. (C) reciprocity. (D) cost-benefit analysis.
QUESTION 14 In an experiment by Darley and Latane (1968) participants in groups of two to six people sat in individual cubicles connected by intercoms to allow for group discussion. An experimental accomplice faked a severe epileptic seizure and the percentage of participants who sought help was measured. As interpreted by the authors the results of this investigation were that increasing group size (A) reduced an individual’s feelings of responsibility and decreased the percentage of participants who sought help. (B) increased an individual’s feelings of responsibility and increased the percentage of participants who sought help. (C) had no effect on an individual’s feelings of responsibility resulting in an inconsistent pattern of participants who sought help. (D) only had an effect in groups larger than three otherwise participants’ sense of responsibility and percentage who sought help were unaffected.
QUESTION 24 (2 marks) Explain how social media can influence aggression using an example.
QUESTION 29 (2 marks) Explain how perceived competence can lead to increased prosocial behaviour by bystanders in emergencies. Use an example in your response.
QUESTION 6 (4 marks) This question refers to an investigation by Simpson (1987) into the romantic relationships of university students. Participants completed initial surveys about their current relationships addressing elements like satisfaction closeness duration availability of alternative partners and exclusivity. Three months later participants were asked if they were still dating the same person. If participants answered ‘no’ and were not yet seeking a relationship a second survey was completed focusing on the difficulty of emotional adjustment after the dissolution. The results demonstrated that individuals experienced more intense and prolonged distress when they were closer to the former partner had dated them for longer and believed they would have difficulty finding a suitable alternative partner. a) Identify the phase of Rollie and Duck’s (2005) stages of dissolution that the participants completing the second survey were most likely in. Justify your response by referring to the theory. [2 marks] b) Predict which phase of dissolution completing the initial surveys may have triggered in some of the relationships. Justify your prediction by referring to the theory. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 The general aggression model (GAM) examines how (A) (B) (C) (D) aggressive responses can be learnt by reinforcement imitation or modelling. aggression is inherited and biological in nature and is expressed both overtly and covertly. person and situation variables influence aggression through the cognitions emotions and arousal they generate. people exposed to aversive situations often experience negative affect and physiological arousal in response to those events.
QUESTION 5 occurs when a gathering of people with an agenda makes problematic decisions because its members value harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation. (A) Groupthink (B) Audience inhibition (C) Cost—benefit analysis (D) Diffusion of responsibility
QUESTION 19 Darley and Latane’s (1968) model of bystander intervention was developed as a result of the story of Kitty Genovese. The New York Times reported that out of 38 observers to parts of the attack no one came to Kitty’s assistance. According to this model which of the following limited the observers’ tendency to respond? (A) They did not notice the attack as an event. (B) They believed the attack was not an emergency. (C) They thought the personal costs outweighed the benefits. (D) They assumed other people in the area had responsibility.
QUESTION 25 Which stage of Duck’s stages of dissolution (2006) predicts that the individual reflects on the state of the relationship generally and the partner specifically? (A) dyadic (B) grave-dressing (C) intrapsychic (D) social
QUESTION 35 (2 marks) Describe how empathy can influence prosocial behaviour using an example.
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation conducted by Tidwell Eastwick and Finkel (2013). Researchers aimed to investigate whether actual or perceived similarity led to greater romantic attraction. To do this participants completed a questionnaire that assessed several personality traits. They then attended a speed-dating event. During the event participants had 12 one-on-one dates with individuals of the opposite sex. Each date lasted for approximately four minutes at which point the participants were instructed to stand and move on to their next date. During the dates participants were encouraged to find out about their dates’ personalities interests and personal histories in order to get to know them. Immediately following each date participants completed an interaction questionnaire where they recorded their dates’ perceived characteristics (e.g. physically attractive charismatic) their perceived similarity and their romantic liking. From this the researchers calculated actual and perceived similarity for each pair. The results indicated that perceived similarity significantly predicted romantic attraction. a) During the speed-dating events the frontal lobes of participants would have shown high levels of activity. Recall two specific functions of the frontal lobe and identify an example of each from the investigation. [4 marks] b) Identify what origin of attraction was investigated. Provide evidence from the investigation that supports the origin identified. [2 marks] c) Describe a biological theory of attraction. Provide an example from the investigation that would support this theory. [2 marks]
QUESTION 19 Which statement does not describe the general aggression model? (A) It examines how blocking a person’s attainment of a goal can lead to aggression. (B) It proposes that aggression is an innate biological drive and we must adapt in order to control it. (C) It examines how person and situation input variables influence aggression through the cognitions emotions and arousal they generate. (D) It proposes that aggression is directly learnt and aggressive acts carried out by a model will be internalised by an individual and reproduced.
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