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QUESTION 12 Primary socialisation occurs (A) mainly outside the home environment. (B) mainly during adolescence and into adulthood. (C) when achild learns appropriate attitudes values and actions from family members. (D) when achild learns appropriate behaviours as a member of a small group within a larger society.
QUESTION 13 In the experiment by Haney Banks and Zimbardo (1973) the guards had greater power than the prisoners. The difference in power was because of the (A) authority of the experimenter. (B) personalities of the participants. (C) social roles of the participants and the social environment of the prison. (D) ability of the prisoners to withdraw from the experiment at their leisure.
QUESTION 39 (3 marks) Compare social learning and biology-based theories of gender role formation.
QUESTION 2 (7 marks) This question refers to the experiments by Cialdini et al. (2006). a) b) c) Identify a factor that may have reduced the antisocial behaviour of the participants in the experiments. Give a reason for your judgment. [2 marks] Describe social responsibility as a factor that may have increased the prosocial behaviour of participants in the experiments. [2 marks] In a follow-up study signs were placed at the entry to a beach where dune regeneration was required after a cyclone. The words on the signs were ‘Please do not walk on the dunes.’ and ‘The vast majority of beach goers have avoided the dunes allowing their regeneration.’ Predict which sign will be more effective. Give reasons for your response based on the findings of the original experiments. [3 marks]
QUESTION 3 A conclusion that could be drawn from the analysed result is (A) the number of elderly primes had no effect on walking time. (B) the number of elderly primes had little effect on walking time. (C) as the number of elderly primes increased walking time increased. (D) as the number of elderly primes increased walking time decreased.
QUESTION 20 Social learning theories of gender development assume that (A) cognitive processes play a key role in the development of gender identity and gender roles. (B) gender roles are attained through the observation of same-sex models direct tuition and modelling. (C) gender schemas develop through role identity and children’s ability to label themselves as boys or girls. (D) humans are born with innate predispositions to act and feel feminine or masculine due to the presence or absence of prenatal androgens.
QUESTION 2 (11 marks) This question refers to the experiment conducted by Asch (1951). a) Describe explicit and implicit attitudes with reference to the experiment. [4 marks] b) Describe the type of group social influence displayed. Provide an example from the experiment to support your response. [2 marks] In another study researchers replicated Asch’s methodology. However half the participants were instructed to state their responses publicly and the other half privately. c) Predict the behaviour of participants in the public group. Give a reason for your response. —_/2 marks] d) Infer whether the participants in Asch’s experiment would have experienced cognitive dissonance. Give a reason for your response. [2 marks] e) Identify the significance of Asch’s experiment for social psychological research. [1 mark]
QUESTION 5 Adolescents often see social media personalities as role models. In this context social media personalities are (A) attending to and reproducing the behaviours of adolescents. (B) vicariously reinforced by the behaviours of adolescents. (C) agents of secondary socialisation. (D) displaying primary socialisation.
QUESTION 10 Consider two theories. Theory 1 proposes that children act as mere observers in an environment and as a result their role in their own gender development is passive. Theory 2 proposes that children form mental categories for gender and then acquire gender-related knowledge around these categories. Based on this information which type of gender role formation theory do these theories represent? Gender schema-based Cognitive developmental
QUESTION 15 An implication of the social psychological research conducted by Milgram (1963) is that (A) social pressure can increase obedience. (B) obedience increases if a command has authority. (C) obedience decreases if commands are given in quick succession. (D) the proximity of an authority figure does not influence obedience.
QUESTION 3 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Haney Banks and Zimbardo (1973). a) Describe how power operated for each group in the investigation. [4 marks] b) Describe the role of identification in group social influence and provide an example of it from the investigation. [2 marks] c) Identify another factor that may have influenced the antisocial behaviour of the participants and provide an example from the investigation. [2 marks]
QUESTION 5 Guards in the Stanford prison experiment (Haney Banks and Zimbardo 1973) changed their attitudes and behaviours to align more closely with their perception of a typical prison guard. As a group the guards had the ability to influence the behaviour of prisoners. In social psychology these are examples of (A) roles and power. (B) internalisation and prejudice. (C) compliance and socialisation. (D) obedience and discrimination.
QUESTION 7 Secondary socialisation (A) involves a permanent change in beliefs and attitudes. (B) is essential for early physical and mental development. (C) conflicts with the norms learnt during primary socialisation. (D) does not require in-person interaction with the socialising agent.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) This question refers to the theory of cognitive dissonance proposed by Festinger (1957). a) Describe implicit attitudes and explain how cognitive dissonance may reveal them. [2 marks] b) Describe identification as a form of social influence and explain how it could lead to cognitive dissonance. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (6 marks) This question refers to the social psychological research conducted by Milgram (1963). a) Draw aconclusion about obedience using evidence from the research. [2 marks] People interpreting the findings of this experiment may conclude that the participants were cruel. b) Describe fundamental attribution errors and explain why this interpretation can be seen as a fundamental attribution error. [2 marks] In a variation on the Milgram experiment (Slater et al. 2006) participants administered a series of word association memory tests to a female virtual character referred to as ‘the Learner’. They were instructed to deliver electric shocks to the Learner in response to errors on the tests. Group 1 saw and heard the Learner as an animation on a screen whereas Group 2 communicated with her only through a text interface. Despite all participants knowing that both the Learner and the shocks were not real they tended to behave as if the situation was real. c) Predict whether the two groups were likely to demonstrate similar levels of obedience. Justify your prediction based on Milgram’s (1963) findings. [2 marks]
QUESTION 22 Which statement best describes gender? (A) The sexual characteristics a person possesses. (B) The group of people an individual is sexually attracted to. (C) The range of behaviours considered appropriate for males and females. (D) The psychological meaning of being male or female which is influenced by learning.
QUESTION 28 Researchers analysed the results using a Mann—Whitney U test. The p value was set at p < 0.05. The calculated result was p = 0.01. An inference that can be made about the results is that the p value of p = 0.01 (A) indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the silent and noisy study conditions. (B) indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the silent and noisy study conditions. (C) proves that there is a difference between the silent and noisy study conditions. (D) does not allow a conclusion to be drawn. In the investigation participants were randomly allocated to either a silent or noisy study condition. In each condition they were instructed to study and learn a novel piece of information. The participants’ memory for this information was then assessed using a multiple choice test. Processed data is presented in the figure below. 16.0 © 15.0 eS 14.0 2 13.0 » 12.0 = 11.0 <= 10.0 [> ) 2 8) = 8. 5S 7.0 [5 60 = 50 f— E 40 > 3.0 5S 2.0 (>) Z 1.0 0.0 Silent Noisy Study condition
QUESTION 32 (3 marks) Describe group social influence with reference to compliance and internalisation.
QUESTION 37 (3 marks) Investigators at the University of Illinois (2010) reported that children who grow up as an only child (i.e. without brothers or sisters) are more likely to develop social skills through friends as opposed to children who grow up with brothers or sisters. It was suggested that parents with only one child should encourage social experiences through childcare preschool or play dates. Explain the difference between primary and secondary socialisation. Provide examples from the investigation.
QUESTION 42 (1 mark) Identify the significance of the experiment by Asch (1951) for social psychological research today.
QUESTION 1 (5 marks) This question refers to the investigation conducted by Tajfel (1970). Tajfel defined social norms as ‘an individual’s expectation of how others expect [them] to behave and [their] expectation of how others will behave in any given social situation’. a) Predict how social norms may have influenced the behaviour of the participants in Tajfel’s investigation. [1 mark] b) Explain how the investigation was significant for the development of social identity theory with reference to two out of the three elements. Use examples from the investigation to support your conclusions. [4 marks]
QUESTION 6 (4 marks) This question refers to an experiment that partially modified the methodology from Question 5 devised by Bargh Chen and Burrows (1996). In the experiment data was collected from two different Psychology classes (A and B). Scatterplots of the data for Class A and Class B are provided below. 10.0 = 9.5 Ft ~ 90 [-P) : 8.5 Sp 8.0 & 27.5 lor} = 7.0 - & 6.5 = 6.0 10.0 - 95 F - 9.0 [-) : 8.5 Sp 8.0 = 7.5 = = 7.0 2 65 => . 6.0 Class A e @ @ e 2 4 6 8 Number of older people primes in scrambled-sentence task Class B e e e e 2 4 6 8 Number of older people primes in scrambled-sentence task 10 10 a) Predict the Pearson correlation coefficient (7) that belongs to each Psychology class by completing the table below. b) Contrast what the two Pearson correlation coefficients suggest about the relationship observed during the investigation. [1 mark] [2 marks] c) Draw aconclusion about the relationship between mean walking time and the number of older people primes for Psychology Class A. [1 mark]
QUESTION 11 The type of social influence in which a person acts in the same way as the group although they may not agree with everything the majority does is known as (A) obedience. (B) compliance. (C) identification. (D)_ internalisation.
QUESTION 11 The type of social influence in which a person acts in the same way as the group although they may not agree with everything the majority does is known as (A) obedience. (B) compliance. (C) identification. (D)_ internalisation.
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