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QUESTION 1 The structure of the central nervous system contains the (A) (B) (C) (D) brain and spinal cord only. somatic nervous system and brain only. autonomic and somatic nervous systems only. spinal cord and autonomic nervous system only.
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the brain? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 4 = ° E = oO S) = oO 3) concentration 7 outside of cell inside of cell («) high concentration high concentration concentration low outside of cell Which process of neurotransmission is represented by this image? (A) action potential (B) graded potential (C) resting potential (D) event-related potential
QUESTION 7 The cerebellum plays a critical role in (A) comprehending language and forming meaningful sentences. (B) controlling muscles responsible for the production of articulate speech. (C) coordinating muscle movements and maintaining posture and balance. (D) regulating emotional balance resulting in disconnected brain activities.
QUESTION 16 Which language processing region of the brain has been damaged if a person has difficulty speaking and putting together grammatical sentences but remains able to comprehend language? (A) Broca’s area (B) Wernicke’s area (C) Parkinson’s territory (D) Geschwind’s territory
QUESTION 17 Feinstein et al. (2010) conducted an investigation on a human patient SM who had a pre-existing brain lesion and was unable to experience fear. Researchers sought to invoke fear in SM by exposing them to live snakes and spiders and taking them on a tour of a haunted house. During each of these occasions SM did not exhibit any fear. In what part of the brain did SM most likely have a lesion? (A) cerebrum (B) amygdala (C) cerebellum (D) primary motor cortex
QUESTION 18 Acetylcholine is involved in which of the following psychological functions? (A) pleasure and reward (B) learning and memory (C) sleep and emotional arousal (D) articulation and comprehension of speech
QUESTION 33 (2 marks) Identify two parts of the brain that are responsible for voluntary movements.
QUESTION 41 (3 marks) Discuss the impact of interference in neurotransmitter function on the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
QUESTION 4 (11 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Humphrey and Jolicoeur (1993). The researchers examined whether the identification of objects is influenced by the type of background on which they are seen. Participants were presented with 32 common objects on one of two backgrounds one with depth cues and one without such cues. An example can be seen in the figure where image A has a background without depth and image B has a depth background. The results found that objects were identified more rapidly when presented on the background with depth cues. Researchers concluded that depth backgrounds provided monocular depth cues that assisted in the encoding and recognition of the objects. This stimulus has not been published for copyright reasons. View Figure 2 ‘Depth background and the background without depth’ at https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Examination-of-the-Effects-of- Axis-Monocular-and-Humphrey-Jolicoeur/361cSbb0cf4f131622fc33f2ddbd910 38742 \ cf. a) State which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing the visual images. [1 mark] b) Explain the process of visual perception that enables participants to view and then interpret the images presented from the first stage of the eyes to the final identification of the object. [6 marks] c) Explain a depth cue and an aspect of visual constancy as psychological influences on visual perception evident in the experiment. [4 marks]
QUESTION 2 Researchers analysed the results using a Pearson correlation coefficient. The result was r = 0.98. It could be inferred that this demonstrates a (A) weak positive correlation. (B) weak negative correlation. (C) strong positive correlation. (D) strong negative correlation.
QUESTION 23 Which regions of the brain contribute to coordination precision and accurate timing of voluntary muscle movement? (A) cerebrum and forebrain (B) basal ganglia and cerebellum (C) amygdala and prefrontal cortex (D) frontal lobe and Geschwind’s territory
QUESTION 24 What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain responsible for the fast transmission of neural messages? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 25 A symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is (A) bradykinesia. (B) rigid muscles. (C) disorientation. (D) impaired posture.
QUESTION 26 (2 marks) Identify the role of the spinal cord in the human nervous system and describe a spinal reflex.
QUESTION 30 (2 marks) Identify two areas of the brain responsible for emotion. lL: Zz
QUESTION 37 (3 marks) Compare the functions of dopamine and serotonin.
QUESTION 4 (10 marks) This question refers to the experiment by Catani Jones and Ffytche (2005). Researchers investigated how Broca’s area Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory are connected. They found evidence for three distinct pathways: ¢ a direct pathway connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas * an indirect pathway connecting Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory * an indirect pathway connecting Broca’s area and Geschwind’s territory. The research indicated that the direct pathway is responsible for phonologically-based language functions such as automatic word repetition and the indirect pathways relate to semantically-based language functions such as auditory comprehension and vocalisation of semantic content. a) State the part of the human nervous system in which the brain is located. [1 mark] b) Identify the lobe of the cerebral cortex in which the language centres in the experiment are located. [3 marks] Broca’s: Wernicke’s: Geschwind’s: c) Identify the type of language processing that occurs in Broca’s area Wernicke’s area and Geschwind’s territory. Support your response with evidence from the experiment. [6 marks]
QUESTION 21 (2 marks) Identify the two main structures of the central nervous system. I. 2.
QUESTION 23 (2 marks) Identify two roles of Geschwind’s territory in language processing.
QUESTION 24 (1 mark) Following a car accident a person is uncoordinated and walking unsteadily. Identify the area of the brain that is most likely damaged.
QUESTION 26 (2 marks) a) Identify the area labelled X. [1 mark] b) Describe a role of the area identified in Question 26a). [1 mark]
QUESTION 33 (5 marks) Draw and label a diagram to demonstrate neurotransmission.
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation by Hudson (1960). a) Identify the lobes of the brain needed to perceive the visual stimuli in the investigation. b) Describe the specific visual perception function of the area of the brain identified in Question 4a). c) Explain perceptual set. Provide an example of how it influenced the participants’ visual perception and interpretation of images in the investigation. d) Explain how a relevant pictorial depth cue would assist in the interpretation of images in the ‘flying bird scene’ from the investigation. e) Explain how cultural skills can affect visual perception and provide an example from the investigation. [1 mark] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 9 Phelps (2005) found that damage to the limbic system reduced the ability to recognise the intensity of fearful expressions in other people. This damage most likely occurred to the (A) primary visual cortex. (B) prefrontal cortex. (C) amygdala. (D) HPA axis.
QUESTION 11 When you touch a hot stove you instinctively pull your hand away. This demonstrates (A) apolysynaptic reflex. (B) amonosynaptic reflex. (C) an involuntary response from the sympathetic nervous system. (D) an involuntary response from the parasympathetic nervous system.
QUESTION 2 (6 marks) Pathological gambling and other impulse control disorders have similar positive emotional effects to natural rewards such as food and social interaction. Research has shown that impulse control and learning can be negatively influenced by the high levels of dopamine provided in dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). DRT is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) such as rigidity bradykinesia and resting tremor. Avanzi et al. (2006) examined PD patients undergoing DRT and found that their prevalence of pathological gambling was significantly higher than that of control subjects. a) Describe the physical and psychological functions of dopamine providing an example of each from the investigation. [4 marks] b) Discuss the impact of DRT on PD patients. [2 marks]
QUESTION 1 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of the (A) _ brain and spinal cord. (B) somatic nervous system and brain. (C) somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (D) spinal cord and autonomic nervous system.
QUESTION 2 The hand movements that musicians use when playing the piano are most likely coordinated by which brain region? (A) thalamus (B) cerebellum (C) prefrontal cortex (D) primary motor cortex
QUESTION 14 Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage which leads to an inability to coordinate muscle movements. The region of the brain affected by this damage is the (A) cerebellum. (B) cerebrum. (C) hypothalamus. (D) medulla.
QUESTION 17 The belief that if someone does something for you then you should do something for them is (A) normative influence. (B) bystander intervention. (C) the reciprocity principle. (D) the social responsibility norm.
QUESTION 31 (2 marks) Draw a diagram to show the process of neurotransmitter release within neurotransmission. Label the diagram with an X at the point where neurotransmitter release occurs.
QUESTION 39 (1 mark) Distinguish between the role of glutamate (Glu) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain.
QUESTION 4 (8 marks) This question refers to the investigation conducted by Tidwell Eastwick and Finkel (2013). Researchers aimed to investigate whether actual or perceived similarity led to greater romantic attraction. To do this participants completed a questionnaire that assessed several personality traits. They then attended a speed-dating event. During the event participants had 12 one-on-one dates with individuals of the opposite sex. Each date lasted for approximately four minutes at which point the participants were instructed to stand and move on to their next date. During the dates participants were encouraged to find out about their dates’ personalities interests and personal histories in order to get to know them. Immediately following each date participants completed an interaction questionnaire where they recorded their dates’ perceived characteristics (e.g. physically attractive charismatic) their perceived similarity and their romantic liking. From this the researchers calculated actual and perceived similarity for each pair. The results indicated that perceived similarity significantly predicted romantic attraction. a) During the speed-dating events the frontal lobes of participants would have shown high levels of activity. Recall two specific functions of the frontal lobe and identify an example of each from the investigation. [4 marks] b) Identify what origin of attraction was investigated. Provide evidence from the investigation that supports the origin identified. [2 marks] c) Describe a biological theory of attraction. Provide an example from the investigation that would support this theory. [2 marks]
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the brain? (A) serotonin (B) dopamine (C) glutamate (D) gamma-aminobutyric acid
QUESTION 30 Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are possibly caused by a decrease in the production of (A) dopamine. (B) epinephrine. (C) acetylcholine. (D) norepinephrine.
QUESTION 7 The key protein associated with Parkinson’s disease is (A) (B) (C) (D) dipeptide repeat. alpha-synuclein. beta amyloid. tau.
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