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QUESTION 2 Infer the projected vulnerability of coral reef habitats to a 450 ppm atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. (A) low—moderate (B) moderate—high (C) high—very high (D) very high
QUESTION 3 Which factor has the greatest influence on biodiversity of coral reef fish species? (A) rugosity (B) predation (C) light availability (D) dissolved oxygen
QUESTION 4 Fisheries management practices are implemented to recover populations in decline and monitor populations in recovery. The practice only used with fish populations in serious decline is (A) restricting total allowable catch. (B) monitoring stock levels. (C) closing fisheries. (D) limiting effort.
QUESTION 5 Changes in Great Barrier Reef coral distribution since the end of the last ice age can be mostly attributed to rising sea levels and (A) decreased aragonite concentration. (B) increased light and substrate availability. (C) increased temperature and decreased salinity. (D) decreased nitrate and phosphate concentrations.
QUESTION 7 The anatomy of a coral is shown. BOOCOOE qa X indicates a (A) zooxanthella. (B) nematocyst. (C) coelenteron. (D) tentacle. QUESTIONS 8-9 These questions refer to the graph showing the occurrence of coral species across four locations (I I III and IV). fs Number of ree —v MN a) WX GG QQ... .GAAAAA _ Key a a Y--py A) ee ie Hb cel le 2 St Mn As Mo Coral species a ee ee eee es rr I LI to i 1
QUESTION 9 Species evenness is lowest at location (A) I. (B) IL. (C) Ul. (D) IV. QUESTIONS 10-11 These questions refer to the graph showing the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in the lipids of various organisms from the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Error bars show standard deviation. 4.0 =S 3.0 = ivy 2.0 Transient = Southern resident killer whale ° killer whale & 10 s $ Steller sea lion = cD) e on Pollock 5 o —1.0 Zoovlankt Fonageg # chum salmon oplankton 2 204 7? So ° = 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Trophic level
QUESTION 10 What is the relationship between mean PCB concentration and trophic level? (A) (B) (C) (D) Mean PCB concentration causes a change in trophic level. As trophic level increases mean PCB concentration increases. There is no relationship between trophic level and mean PCB concentration. There is a negative correlation between trophic level and mean PCB concentration.
QUESTION 11 The mean PCB concentration of zooplankton and southern resident killer whales differ by an approximate factor of (A) 3 (B) 30 (C) 100 (D) 1000
QUESTION 12 When the recovery pathway of an ecosystem differs from its degradation pathway the ecosystem (A) shows hysteresis. (B) has low resilience. (C) has high biodiversity. (D) exists in a single stable state.
QUESTION 13 Which type of fishery is most likely to be a food source for small communities from developing nations? (A) trawling (B) artisanal (C) commercial (D) recreational
QUESTION 14 Identify the relationship between atmospheric CO concentration ocean pH and temperature. (A) Increased atmospheric temperature has led to increased atmospheric CO concentration ocean temperature and pH. (B) Decreased ocean pH has led to increased atmospheric temperature and decreased atmospheric CO concentration. (C) Increased atmospheric CO concentration has led to decreased ocean pH and increased ocean temperature. (D) Decreased ocean temperature has led to increased atmospheric CO concentration and ocean pH.
QUESTION 16 A reef cross-section is shown. The structure labelled X is (A) a fringing reef. (B) a barrier reef. (C) aplatform. (D) an atoll.
QUESTION 17 Coral reef growth occurs when the (A) dissolution rate is the same as the calcification rate. (B) calcification rate is less than the destruction processes. (C) accretion rate is greater than the dissolution and erosion rates. (D) dissolution and erosion rates are greater than the accretion rate.
QUESTION 2 Recent surveys in the Gulf of Carpentaria have shown large-scale mangrove loss. Determine the expected responses from reef fish species that use this habitat during their life cycle. Larval recruitment Juvenile populations Adult populations (mangroves) (mangroves) (reef) (A) Immediately decline Immediately decline Initially unaffected then decline over time (B) Initially unaffected then Initially unaffected then Initially unaffected then decline over time decline over time decline over time ©) Initially unaffected then Initially unaffected then Immediately decline decline over time decline over time Immediately decline Immediately decline Immediately decline
QUESTION 24 (3 marks) Under La Nijia conditions there is a greater temperature contrast between the eastern and western tropical Pacific Ocean than under normal conditions. a) Identify one effect this scenario has for weather conditions on Australia’s east coast. [1 mark] b) Describe an impact on a local marine environment associated with the effect from Question 24a). [2 marks]
QUESTION 27 (2 marks) Explain low feed conversion ratio and why it is a desirable attribute for an aquaculture species.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) a) Explain the relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration and the distribution of coral reefs. [2 marks] b) Identify two other abiotic factors that affect the distribution of coral reefs. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (5 marks) a) In which life cycle stage of a typical reef-forming hard coral does site selection occur? [1 mark] b) Explain how one biotic and one abiotic factor affect the site selection process. [4 marks]
QUESTION 5 (3 marks) Explain the role of connectivity in species replenishment using a relevant fish species as an example.
QUESTION 2 (5 marks) A coastal community plans to implement a shark control program to significantly reduce the tiger shark population because of their perceived threat to the fishing industry and swimmers. The diagram represents potential effects of ongoing changes in predation for a seagrass ecosystem. a) Explain the effect of removing tiger sharks on seagrass ecosystems. [3 marks] b) Predict the effect that the shark control program would have on the fishing industry in this coastal community. [2 marks]
QUESTION 26 (3 marks) The stock of a wild migratory Australian fish species needs sustainable management before being used as a commercial resource. However there is little scientific data about the species’ behaviours and distribution. a) Explain how the precautionary principle applies to this situation. [1 mark] b) Explain one management technique that should be implemented to prevent overexploitation of this resource. [2 marks]
A ‘t “ L) ; N el un. m?r A/ . ?. .?.. u_ e r s..... ra___..? m\“s _“‘.(.p.n qc_‘_ = _....m.\. \.w..l. o A BNRINNAN & :.r } ?..l.\hfl E.: R | s 5 ... > ./ ....fiu.u_/ m.\\aw. h v_\}e 4 t P f- ”m.u.\?M\.”“r \ 9“ . R SR . .z \.f_“_ . S flvs_-‘p. VL oy : Ay .1... «_‘. b 4 AN .. H. PESOR 2K T AT ) ./ Al \ .- \ LI R R N ST “h. ’ ‘W‘ \.. u ‘- ‘ h’o :fia? -fufifl\- IO KAV A AR R M“‘*‘fl fltz o K] ‘J”“’.lm .I- » / ) Iy A w\ AN YK =\0 /&?&‘\ QUESTION 25 The figure shows a sample of coral found on a reef. Select the group of coral represented by the figure. soft (A) (B) hard (C) brain (D) sea fan
QUESTION 2 (2 marks) The diagram below shows a generalised coral polyp. VI Identify the label on the diagram that represents the following anatomical features: e corallite: e coelenteron:
QUESTION 4 (3 marks) A technique of rearing Acropora millepora (branching stony coral) was investigated. It was found that larvae reared at the lowest stocking density had 15 times greater settlement success than those at the highest stocking density. Explain how larval settlement of A. millepora is influenced by larval stocking density.
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