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QUESTION 1 Identify the most likely reason for volcanoes being located down the western side of South America on the map. South America Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Key A volcano ex plate boundary (A) two tectonic plates diverging resulting in exposing the asthenosphere (B) two tectonic plates colliding causing the Earth to crack along the continental coast (C) the heavier oceanic plate subducting under the lighter continental plate resulting in a volcanic arc forming along the continental coast (D) the continental plate cracking due to pressure and moving under the oceanic plate making the continent grow larger through the formation of volcanoes
QUESTION 5 Which of the following describes how a tsunami is formed? (A) (B) (C) (D) A series of large waves 1s produced at a divergent boundary. A slow build-up of pressure in the lithosphere results in the release of molten rock. Pressure 1s released when tectonic plates meet at a continental transform boundary. A disturbance in the Earth’s oceanic crust causes the release of a large amount of energy in the hydrosphere.
QUESTION 16 (6 marks) a) Use Stimulus | in the stimulus book to identify which location flood mitigation efforts should be focused on. Justify your decision using three pieces of evidence from the stimulus. [4 marks] b) Identify a long-term flood mitigation strategy that could be implemented to decrease the flood risk at this location. Explain how this mitigation strategy would reduce the risk of flooding. [2 marks]
QUESTION 2 (5 marks) This question refers to Stimulus | in the stimulus book. a) Identify the climatic event that occurred between April 2010 and April 2011. Explain your reasoning. [2 marks] b) Identify and explain the cause of the pattern in the SOI values between April 2011 and January 2012. [3 marks]
QUESTION 3 A rift valley is formed by the interactions of (A) an oceanic plate subducting beneath a continental plate. (B) acontinental plate subducting beneath an oceanic plate. (C) two divergent continental plates. (D) two convergent oceanic plates.
QUESTION 16 (11 marks) a) b) c) Explain two characteristics of a tropical cyclone that are observable using meteorological data. Determine which of the national parks in Stimulus 1 was the location of Dataset | in Stimulus 3. Provide evidence from Stimulus 1 2 and 3 to support your response. Predict which species is likely to quickly return to pre-cyclone numbers. Justify your response by contrasting two species using data from Stimulus 3. [4 marks] [4 marks] [3 marks]
QUESTION 22 (7 marks) Explain how clearing a mangrove ecosystem would affect the net contribution of greenhouse gases for the area being cleared. In your response identify gas exchanges in plants and soil substrates.
QUESTION 23 (6 marks) A new city is being built in an area prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. Consider potential Earth hazards at this location and identify three mitigation strategies. Provide an explanation to support each strategy.
QUESTION 3 In which geological setting are you least likely to find volcanos? (A) intraplate hotspots (B) divergent boundaries (C) transform boundaries (D) convergent boundaries
QUESTION 5 Land clearing can reduce the frequency magnitude and intensity of (A) floods. (B) droughts. (C) bushfires. (D) landslides.
QUESTION 8 The most likely trigger for a large-scale tsunami is (A) iceberg calving. (B) a tropical cyclone. (C) asubmarine landslide. (D) an undersea volcanic eruption. QUESTIONS 9-10 These questions refer to the study by Sil et al. (2017) of carbon sequestration and carbon pools in a large area of mixed land use between 1990 and 2020. — ON ) — iN on) — N fon) Carbon sequestration rate (Mg C ha ! yr!) S oo So 0.60 0.40 0.20 Total Above-ground Below-ground Soil organic Detrital organic biomass biomass carbon matter (litter) Key LJ Mixed land use Abandoned agricultural Forest Shrubland 1990-2006 land 2007-2020 2007-2020 2007-2020
QUESTION 11 Which substrate has the highest run-off rate during a flood event? (A) silt (B) clay (C) sand (D) loam
QUESTION 17 (5 marks) The map shows tectonic plates in the Western Pacific region. \ New Caledonia Cd 2 New Hebrides Plate Kermadec Plate Australian Plate xX South Pacific Ocean WI New Zealand Key ' Pacific island chain d a) Identify the plate denoted by X. [1 mark] b) Describe the type of plate boundary interaction between the Kermadec Plate and X. [1 mark] c) Identify the reasons tsunamis are likely to occur in the Pacific island chain. Explain why tsunamis are a significant hazard for the region. [3 marks]
QUESTION 3 (9 marks) a) Identify how bushfires can alter the characteristics of the biosphere and soil layer of a forest environment. Parts b) and c) refer to Stimulus 3 in the stimulus book. b) Identify when a bushfire is likely to have occurred. Show your reasoning using data from the graph. c) Infer how the run-off coefficient will evolve after May 2021 in the short term and the long term. Justify your conclusion. [2 marks] [3 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 5 A mature tropical cyclone formed off the west coast of Australia and was given a female name starting with J. A short time later another tropical cyclone formed off the east coast of Australia. The correct name for this cyclone would be (A) a female name beginning with K. (B) a female name beginning with J. (C) amale name beginning with K. (D) amale name beginning with J.
QUESTION 6 Urbanisation can increase the magnitude of floods by reducing (A) above-ground water storage capacity. (B) impermeable surface area. (C) evapotranspiration. (D) run-off.
QUESTION 11 Flood events impact river systems by (A) redistributing sediment from upstream to downstream. (B) causing greater erosion on the inside of river bends. (C) permanently reducing upstream biodiversity. (D) reducing the quantity of debris downstream.
QUESTION 13 A topographical map of an island is shown. | Key @© Epicentre of recent earthquakes of magnitude 4 or greater The location with the highest risk of a tsunami is (A) I. (B) IL. (C) IU. (D) IV.
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) Refer to Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book. a) Explain why volcanoes form in Iceland. In 2010 Eyjafjallajokull erupted with a volcanic explosivity index of 4 (0: non-explosive 8: mega-colossal). The ash clouds produced disrupted air travel in Iceland and nearby countries. b) Cc) d) Explain why there was no recorded reduction in global temperature associated with this eruption. Predict another effect of the ash clouds. Explain your reasoning. Explain a mitigation strategy Reykjavik could establish to reduce hazardous outcomes from a nearby volcanic eruption. [3 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 (16 marks) Refer to Stimulus 3 in the stimulus book. a) b) Cc) d) Determine whether the northern or southern basin is most likely to be experiencing drought. Support your response using evidence from the map. Explain how dams are distributed in the Murray—Darling Basin. Support your response with evidence from the map. Identify a physical and biological strategy to reduce the impact of a future drought in the Murray—Darling Basin. Explain your reasoning. Predict one impact of drought on a terrestrial ecosystem and one impact on an aquatic ecosystem in the Murray—Darling Basin. Explain your reasoning. [2 marks] [4 marks] [6 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 1 What type of volcano commonly occurs at a convergent plate boundary? (A) lava dome (B) composite (C) fissure (D) _ shield
QUESTIONS 16 & 17 P-waves and S-waves travel through the Earth at different speeds. When the time between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves is one minute the epicentre is about 800 km away. The figure below is a flat grid representing an area on the surface of the Earth. 44 — ) ) 49 +++ |++ '— — a ee oe | 36 oot ooo oo kT Hundreds 24 | of kilometres 22 '>—————— > north of 0 | (0 0) 1g@}/-++ +++ +++ *M 12} Sp toto 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 Hundreds of kilometres east of (0 0) QUESTION 16 An earthquake is recorded by a seismometer at M. The time difference between the arrival of the corresponding P-waves and S-waves at M is two minutes. Of the locations marked on the grid above which is the most likely location of the epicentre? (A) K (B) L (C) N (D) T
QUESTION 17 If the epicentre of a different earthquake is determined to be 3000 km from N 2400 km from T and 1800 km from L which of the following points would best represent the epicentre’s location? (A) M (B) Q (C) R (D) U
QUESTION 18 Tsunamis can result from (A) large volumes of water being displaced. (B) an oceanic plate colliding into a continental plate. (C) violent seafloor movement associated with earthquakes. (D) an explosive volcanic eruption causing an earthquake in a continental plate.
QUESTION 19 Which two types of plate boundary can be seen in the figure below? Subduction Mid-ocean Subduction ridge f—--N a Convection Convection y» (A) divergent and transform (B) divergent and convergent (C) descending and divergent (D) transform and convergent
QUESTION 21 (10 marks) This question refers to Stimulus | in the stimulus book. a) Explain the three most likely causes of localised flooding in Oxapampa. b) Predict one positive and one negative impact that flood events will have on the local aquatic ecosystem situated along the Rio Chorobamba river. c) What are two ways that the impacts of the flood events could be mitigated for the buildings downstream of Oxapampa? d) Where is agricultural activity most likely to occur in and around Oxapampa? Provide two reasons to justify your response. [3 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (6 marks) a) Explain the effects on ecosystems and human life if ash and gaseous eruptions from a volcano do not escape the troposphere. [3 marks] b) The table below shows travel time and speed of a lahar eruption through an early warning system. ee ae Draw a conclusion about how effective an early warning system would be in mitigating the impacts of a lahar eruption. Give reasons for your conclusion. [3 marks]
QUESTION 6 (15 marks) a) Identify which figure from Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book best represents data from La Nifia years. Justify your decision. b) Using Stimulus 3 in the stimulus book identify the trend in frequency of tropical cyclones across the Australian region from 1970 to 2016. c) Using data from Stimulus 3 draw a conclusion about the trend in severe tropical cyclones that have occurred between 1970 and 2016. Justify your conclusion. d) Using Stimulus 2 and Stimulus 3 predict the frequency and magnitude of drought and flooding events in Northern Queensland in the future. Justify your predictions. e) Predict the effect of future drought events on erosion vegetative distribution patterns and ecosystem regeneration. Justify your predictions. [2 marks] [1 mark] [3 marks] [3 marks] [6 marks]
QUESTION 18 Elevation data for four volcanoes is shown. Elevation above mean (m) Mar 2022 3.1 4.6 3.7 2.6 Jun 2022 3.2 4.8 3.5 2.6 Dec 2022 Jan 2023 Mar 2023 Jun 2023 Which volcano is most likely to erupt in the near future? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
QUESTION 4 (6 marks) Determine if the variables used in Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book are suitable for predicting volcanic eruptions. Justify your response with data from the stimulus.
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