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QUESTION 4 Fossils of aquatic organisms containing higher-than-average levels of oxygen-18 isotopes indicate that the climate was once cooler than it is today because (A) oxygen-18 isotopes concentrate at lower temperatures. (B) oxygen-16 isotopes concentrate at lower temperatures. (C) oxygen-18 isotopes evaporate readily at lower temperatures. (D) oxygen-16 isotopes evaporate readily at lower temperatures.
QUESTION 18 (3 marks) During periods in the geological timeline marine shells containing high levels of 80 isotope became fossilised. Use Stimulus 6 in the stimulus book to draw a conclusion about the average annual air temperature when fossilisation occurred. Provide two pieces of evidence to justify your conclusion.
QUESTION 5 (6 marks) a) Explain how Antarctic ice cores can provide insight into global temperature changes. [4 marks] b) Explain two limitations of using Antarctic ice core analysis as evidence of past global climate change. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (9 marks) Refer to Stimulus 4 in the stimulus book. a) Identify the endpoint of the last glaciation period. b) Identify the relationship between the type of pollen and global temperature in the last 160 000 years. Support your response with evidence from the graphs. c) Explain one advantage of using pollen to indicate historical climate change. Support your response with evidence from the graphs. [1 mark] [6 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 22 (5 marks) a) Using Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book identify the relationship between global temperatures and the concentration of heavy oxygen ('%O) in fossils. [1 mark] b) Using Stimulus 3 in the stimulus book explain why ice cores with oxygen isotopes can be used to provide evidence for climate change. [4 marks]
QUESTION 5 (10 marks) a) b) Use Stimulus 3 and 4 in the stimulus book to infer the impacts that changes in climatic conditions will have on crop productivity for Site A and Site B. Justify each inference with one piece of evidence from each stimulus. For each site propose a strategy that could be used to protect or enhance agricultural production. Justify your proposals using data from the stimulus. [6 marks] [4 marks]
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