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QUESTION 1 Identify the most likely reason for volcanoes being located down the western side of South America on the map. South America Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Key A volcano ex plate boundary (A) two tectonic plates diverging resulting in exposing the asthenosphere (B) two tectonic plates colliding causing the Earth to crack along the continental coast (C) the heavier oceanic plate subducting under the lighter continental plate resulting in a volcanic arc forming along the continental coast (D) the continental plate cracking due to pressure and moving under the oceanic plate making the continent grow larger through the formation of volcanoes
QUESTION 5 Which of the following describes how a tsunami is formed? (A) (B) (C) (D) A series of large waves 1s produced at a divergent boundary. A slow build-up of pressure in the lithosphere results in the release of molten rock. Pressure 1s released when tectonic plates meet at a continental transform boundary. A disturbance in the Earth’s oceanic crust causes the release of a large amount of energy in the hydrosphere.
QUESTION 3 A rift valley is formed by the interactions of (A) an oceanic plate subducting beneath a continental plate. (B) acontinental plate subducting beneath an oceanic plate. (C) two divergent continental plates. (D) two convergent oceanic plates.
QUESTION 23 (6 marks) A new city is being built in an area prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. Consider potential Earth hazards at this location and identify three mitigation strategies. Provide an explanation to support each strategy.
QUESTION 3 In which geological setting are you least likely to find volcanos? (A) intraplate hotspots (B) divergent boundaries (C) transform boundaries (D) convergent boundaries
QUESTION 8 The most likely trigger for a large-scale tsunami is (A) iceberg calving. (B) a tropical cyclone. (C) asubmarine landslide. (D) an undersea volcanic eruption. QUESTIONS 9-10 These questions refer to the study by Sil et al. (2017) of carbon sequestration and carbon pools in a large area of mixed land use between 1990 and 2020. — ON ) — iN on) — N fon) Carbon sequestration rate (Mg C ha ! yr!) S oo So 0.60 0.40 0.20 Total Above-ground Below-ground Soil organic Detrital organic biomass biomass carbon matter (litter) Key LJ Mixed land use Abandoned agricultural Forest Shrubland 1990-2006 land 2007-2020 2007-2020 2007-2020
QUESTION 17 (5 marks) The map shows tectonic plates in the Western Pacific region. \ New Caledonia Cd 2 New Hebrides Plate Kermadec Plate Australian Plate xX South Pacific Ocean WI New Zealand Key ' Pacific island chain d a) Identify the plate denoted by X. [1 mark] b) Describe the type of plate boundary interaction between the Kermadec Plate and X. [1 mark] c) Identify the reasons tsunamis are likely to occur in the Pacific island chain. Explain why tsunamis are a significant hazard for the region. [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (9 marks) Refer to Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book. a) Explain why volcanoes form in Iceland. In 2010 Eyjafjallajokull erupted with a volcanic explosivity index of 4 (0: non-explosive 8: mega-colossal). The ash clouds produced disrupted air travel in Iceland and nearby countries. b) Cc) d) Explain why there was no recorded reduction in global temperature associated with this eruption. Predict another effect of the ash clouds. Explain your reasoning. Explain a mitigation strategy Reykjavik could establish to reduce hazardous outcomes from a nearby volcanic eruption. [3 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 1 What type of volcano commonly occurs at a convergent plate boundary? (A) lava dome (B) composite (C) fissure (D) _ shield
QUESTION 18 Tsunamis can result from (A) large volumes of water being displaced. (B) an oceanic plate colliding into a continental plate. (C) violent seafloor movement associated with earthquakes. (D) an explosive volcanic eruption causing an earthquake in a continental plate.
QUESTION 19 Which two types of plate boundary can be seen in the figure below? Subduction Mid-ocean Subduction ridge f—--N a Convection Convection y» (A) divergent and transform (B) divergent and convergent (C) descending and divergent (D) transform and convergent
QUESTION 2 (6 marks) a) Explain the effects on ecosystems and human life if ash and gaseous eruptions from a volcano do not escape the troposphere. [3 marks] b) The table below shows travel time and speed of a lahar eruption through an early warning system. ee ae Draw a conclusion about how effective an early warning system would be in mitigating the impacts of a lahar eruption. Give reasons for your conclusion. [3 marks]
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