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QUESTION 2 (5 marks) This question refers to Stimulus | in the stimulus book. a) Identify the climatic event that occurred between April 2010 and April 2011. Explain your reasoning. [2 marks] b) Identify and explain the cause of the pattern in the SOI values between April 2011 and January 2012. [3 marks]
QUESTION 17 (5 marks) a) b) Identify which years on the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) graph in Stimulus 4 in the stimulus book represent the climatic conditions at X from Stimulus 5 in the stimulus book. Justify your response using evidence from the graph. Identify which years in Stimulus 4 were likely to have the largest recharge of natural river systems in the location marked by X in Stimulus 5. Explain your reasoning. [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (10 marks) This question refers to Stimulus 4 in the stimulus book. a) b) c) d) General circulation models (GCMs) solve fluid equations separately for atmosphere and ocean components. Identify another Earth system component necessary to support these models. Identify the event that occurred around 1991 and 1992 in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and explain its effect on trade winds air pressure and ocean temperature during that period. Draw a conclusion about the validity of the GCM’s representation of El Nifio and La Nina. Justify your conclusion with reference to amplitude and periodicity. Recent climate models predict that extreme El Nifo Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events will approximately double in frequency due to climate change. Explain two ways governments might use this prediction in their decision-making. [1 mark] [4 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 13 A long-term increase in deep ocean temperatures is likely to (A) decrease oceanic circulation and cause an increase in sea levels. (B) increase oceanic circulation and cause an increase in storm frequency. (C) increase oceanic circulation and reduce the local impact of global warming. (D) decrease oceanic circulation and lead to equatorial regions becoming cooler.
QUESTION 7 A consequence of climate change that will affect ocean circulation will be evidenced by (A) (B) (C) (D) increased upwelling of warm water to the surface of the ocean. increased exchange of salt and heat between deep and upper layers of the ocean. reduced amounts of carbon dioxide being released from the ocean into the atmosphere. reduced movement of warm water away from the equator and cool water to the equator.
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