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QUESTION 7 Commercial fishing from native fisheries must be sustainable to continue. The graph shows the commercial catch of a marine species from a native fishery measured in tonnes (t) from 2008 to the end of 2017. — f= — E es €¢ 2 8 8 & & Commercial catch (t} oo as 700 60M AS MCCS ‘Year Which of the following options represents the approximate average annual decrease in commercial catch between the start of 2008 and end of 2017? (A) 41 tonnes (B) 55 tonnes (C) 65 tonnes (D) 72 tonnes
QUESTION 8 The table shows the annual sources of income from the sale of animals for a fat lamb enterprise. Price per head Cartage (%) Determine the gross annual income of the enterprise. (A) $52560 (B) $77235 (C) $84 465 (D) $85 485
QUESTION 9 Which part of the PPRR model of risk management best demonstrates a producer’s decision to sell non-breeders during a drought? (A) prevention (B) preparedness (C) response (D) recovery
QUESTION 10 The table shows catalogue EBV information for two rams of the same breed at a sale. Litter 8-week | Maternal Scan Muscle | Fat depth size weight Se depth Ram 1EBV | 0.30 | 4.39 ke | 0.02 kg | 10.36 kg | | 5.1mm | | 051mm | ete | ee Aonowf «| * |» |» | | 9 | 2 Ram | would be the preferred sire for a producer to use if they wanted to breed better ewes and finish lambs over a longer period because (A) Ram 1 has a higher maternal EBV than Ram 2. (B) Ram | has higher muscle and fat depth EBVs than Ram 2. (C) lambs will still have a respectable growth rate compared to lambs produced from Ram 2. (D) ewe lambs retained for breeding would produce more lambs and grade better at slaughter.
QUESTION 15 The table shows livestock’s approximate tolerances to dissolved salts in drinking water. Livestock No adverse Reluctance Decline in condition effects (g/L) to drink (g/L) and health (g/L) piss POO | p 10-50 5.0 p 50-70 7.0 Identify the livestock that would suffer a loss in production with a total dissolved salt measurement of 4820 mg/L. (A) pigs (B) horses (C) beef cattle (D) dairy cattle
QUESTION 17 An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different fertiliser treatments on the fruit yield of apple trees. Each fertiliser treatment was made up of a base of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) and a combination of mineral or organic material. The table shows the mean values + confidence interval (CI) at 95% level. Fertiliser treatment Yield per tree (kg) NPK + zeolite 22.6 + 0.6 NPK + cattle manure 237+04 NPK + chicken manure 235+0.3 NPK + zeolite + cattle manure | 21.0 + 1.0 The conclusion supported by the data is (A) NPK + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + zeolite. (B) NPK + chicken manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + cattle manure. (C) NPK + zeolite + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + chicken manure. (D) NPK + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with the other fertiliser treatments.
QUESTION 24 (4 marks) A cattle producer has a creek running through their property. The creek provides water for cattle and the irrigation of fodder crops and improved pastures to boost animal production. After experiencing a year with significantly less than average rainfall the producer notices that native vegetation along the creek bank is dying off the creek water is more discoloured than usual and the leaves in the fodder crops and improved pastures are yellowing. Explain two strategies the producer could implement to reverse the processes that are occurring on the property.
QUESTION 26 (4 marks) a) b) c) d) What is a tariff? What is a free trade agreement? Explain why the European Union (EU) currently has a tariff on Australian lamb and beef. Explain the impact that a tariff as high as 50% has on the sale of Australian goods in the EU. [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]
QUESTION 28 (7 marks) Mulesing involves the removal of wool-bearing skin from the breech area of a sheep. In 2008 over 95% of wool growers used this technique (without pain relief) to prevent flystrike in their flocks. The graph shows the change in the percentage of wool growers who either do not practise mulesing ceased mulesing or use pain relief with mulesing. The table shows how long it would take to improve resistance to flystrike in sheep using an alternative method to mulesing. [|] Pam relief [ij] Ceased mulesing ra Wl Not mulesed S Wool growers % 3 Wrinkle score Risk Proportion of flock (%) Note: An assessment of wrinkle score will provide an indication of breech flystrike risk. 30% at risk can be culled and maintain a stable flock. a) Use the graph to calculate the percentage change in producers who practised mulesing with pain relief between February 2009 and February 2019. Show your working. [2 marks] b) Use the table to identify the alternative method to mulesing. [1 mark] c) Draw aconclusion about how willing wool producers were to adopt this method. Use data to justify your conclusion. [4 marks]
QUESTION 29 (4 marks) The table shows data from a greenhouse trial which was conducted to compare hydroponic and soil-grown strawberries. Mean mass of individual berries + SD (g) 5.4 + 3.0 71 43.7 Water use (L) 1363 1968 Analyse the data to determine the best growing medium for strawberries in a market in which the price per kg is 10% higher for hydroponically grown strawberries.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) The table shows average Angus herd EBVs for live weight (kg) from 2015 to 2017. a) Determine the change in average 600-day weight from 2015 to 2017. b) Ifthe data trends in the table continue draw conclusions about the impact on the Angus breed into the future. [1 mark] [3 marks]
QUESTION 4 (4 marks) The table shows the results of an experiment that compared varieties of canola for oil production and yield. The current base price for canola is $592 per tonne. A 1.5% premium is paid for every 1% of oil content above 42%. A 1.5% discount 1s applied for every 1% of oil content below 41%. Variety 1 | Variety 2 | Variety 3 Ciena Vi ha Draw a conclusion about which canola variety should be selected for commercial production. Show your working.
QUESTION 6 (3 marks) a) Explain one reason for a producer to clear land on their property. [1 mark] b) Describe one short-term effect and one long-term effect land clearing may have on the soil. [2 marks]
QUESTION 9 (5 marks) The table gives the results from a trial conducted on sugarcane over five years. A fallow crop of soybeans was planted grown and ploughed back into the soil prior to planting the sugarcane. A control practice was to leave the soil fallowed between sugarcane harvest and the next season’s planting. At each location the mean crop yield was measured over five years. Location Legume fallow Bare fallow Nitrogen Mean yield Nitrogen Mean yield fertiliser applied (t/ha) fertiliser applied (t/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) a) Draw aconclusion about the most suitable crop rotation system to use. Use the table to justify your conclusion. [2 marks] b) Identify two advantages of the crop rotation system identified in 9a). [2 marks] c) Provide one disadvantage of the crop rotation system identified 1n 9a). [1 mark]
QUESTION 10 (15 marks) Refer to Stimulus 1-3 in the stimulus book. Use three criteria to assess opportunities for sustainable social practices for an industry of your choice. For each criterion analyse and justify three strengths and/or weaknesses. Draw a conclusion about the sustainability of the production system.
QUESTION 2 An appropriate risk management strategy for a honey bee enterprise is to (A) sell honey bee—related products to one market. (B) develop new product types from extracted honey. (C) provide enough water to meet environmental conditions. (D) identify one supplier to provide replacement queen bees.
QUESTION 4 The table shows grain yield from a field trial for two varieties of oats at different rates of nitrogen application. Rate of nitrogen | Variety 1 | Variety 2 applied (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.6 ws Which conclusion can be supported by the data? (A) Variety 2 demonstrates the largest positive response to nitrogen application. (B) Both varieties show a decline in yield at the same rate of nitrogen application. (C) Variety | requires less nitrogen fertiliser than Variety 2 to achieve optimal production. (D) Other major nutrients are limiting grain yield for Variety 2 at an application rate of 80 kg/ha.
QUESTION 13 The table shows an excerpt of income and variable costs from a merino enterprise. Budget ($) icone Wool harvesting and selling Shearing Calculate the gross margin for the enterprise. (A) -$77663 (B) $60444 (C) $77663 (D) $137589
QUESTION 16 A demand factor that could increase the price of coffee beans grown in northern Queensland is the (A) arrival of coffee berry disease in Australia. (B) implementation of a foreign trade agreement. (C) implementation of water quotas in irrigation areas. (D) destruction of plantations due to extreme weather events.
QUESTION 19 A source of extreme risk for farm workers that can occur in a plant production system is (A) applying a pesticide to a greenhouse hydroponic system. (B) formulating a ration using a hammer mill. (C) mixing a herbicide with a surfactant. (D) moving stock between paddocks.
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A cage egg producer in Queensland is concerned about the low level of cage egg sales in the retail market. Explain two risk management strategies the producer could use to help prevent financial loss.
QUESTION 23 (4 marks) a) Describe paddock rotation and the reason for this practice. [2 marks] The table contains yield data for different grazing management strategies. Strategy Annual yield | Utilisation (t DM/ha) (%) b) Draw a conclusion about the grazing strategy most likely to increase animal production. Justify your conclusion. [2 marks]
QUESTION 26 (7 marks) A producer is developing a cropping plan for next summer. They are considering whether they should plant peanuts or lucerne. Peanuts Budget ($/ha) Income Jumbo (2.5 t/ha @ $1200/t) Ones (0.5 t/ha @ $1000/t) Splits (0.25 t/ha @ $900/t) Total income Variable costs Fallow management Planting 313 Plant protection 129 360 Harvesting 241 Total variable costs Lucerne Budget ($/ha) Variable costs Fallow management Plant nutrition Plant protection 8 Irrigation 630 Total variable costs a) Determine the values for the cells marked X Y and Z in the tables. X: Y: Z: b) Use the data in the tables to identify which crop the producer should plant. Provide reasoning for your decision. [3 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 27 (7 marks) A trial was conducted on a double-crop rotation system using nitrogen supplied in different forms to evaluate the effects of different fertilisers on crop yield. The different kinds of common organic fertilisers used and compared to the control treatment (C) were: ¢ general organic fertiliser (GOF) ¢ biogas residue (BR) ¢ refined organic fertiliser (ROF). Both crops of tomato used the same variety. The graph shows the mean yield for each crop and fertiliser treatment. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. 120 100 i t = 80 : = rz a = 60 Ye Y Uj 3 Y Y - 40 ] ] ] C GOF BR ROF Treatment Key || Tomato 1 Celery p Tomato 2 a) Explain why nitrogen is important for plant growth in agricultural crops. [2 marks] b) Analyse the data to identify the relationship between the type of fertiliser applied and celery yield. [1 mark] c) Decide which fertiliser tomato farmers should use to optimise production in this cropping system. Justify your decision with two pieces of evidence and give a reason this type of fertiliser would be expected to improve the yield of a tomato crop. [4 marks]
QUESTION 1 (5 marks) In 2015 and 2016 a number of events affected Australian horticulture industries. ¢ An agreement between South Korea and Australia — the Korea—Australia Free Trade Agreement (K AFTA) — came into effect on 1 January 2015. ¢ The Korea—New Zealand Free Trade Agreement came into effect on 20 December 2015. ¢ Yields of Tasmanian cherries harvested in 2016 were lower than expected. The table shows an excerpt of fresh fruit and vegetable exports from Australia to South Korea from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016. Crop Exports (tonnes) Asparagus 39 87 105 [Asparagus | 39 | 87 | 105 Potatoes 11372 | 24269 | 20634 a) Draw aconclusion about the benefits of the KAFTA for Australian horticulture industries. Justify your response. [2 marks] b) Explain how these events account for the changes in cherry exports from 2014 to 2016. [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (4 marks) Family farms are one type of agricultural enterprise. Identify another type of agricultural enterprise and use an example to explain two of the enterprise’s features.
QUESTION 9 (5 marks) Several key management issues can affect sustainable agricultural production. a) Identify a management issue shown in the image. Explain two processes that may have contributed to the issue identified in Question 9a). /2 marks] Propose two solutions for the issue identified in Question 9a). [2 marks]
QUESTION 10 (15 marks) Case study A pastoral company is a 9000-ha sheep and cattle production system situated in southern Queensland in the wheat-—sheep belt. It runs 26 000 merino sheep and 800 breeding cows. The land is predominantly native pastures and shrubs on sandy to loamy topsoils with low fertility and poor water holding capacity. The annual average rainfall is 600 mm. A creek runs through the property and there are several permanent waterholes. There are some patches of soil erosion along the creek where livestock access the creek for drinking water. The company is working to become carbon-neutral in support of the red meat industry goal of carbon neutrality by 2030. Carbon emission reduction strategies being used on the property include: * genetics — using composite sires and breeding for early finishing in lambs ¢ lot feeding — reaching market compliance faster by moving to a feedlot situation for finishing ¢ productivity — using a combination of genetics and livestock management to increase wool production from 440 tonnes in 2018 to 800 tonnes in 2024 vegetation and land management — using 20% of the land area for conservation and biodiversity. Most of this vegetation is contained to wildlife corridors 30 to 50 m wide. Larger paddocks have been cut up into smaller paddocks surrounded by shelterbelts. Creeks have all been fenced off and all paddocks now have permanent water sources supplied by a combination of bore and dam water. The company has an issue with flystrike in its sheep. Approximately 3% of the flock is affected annually which is higher than the industry average of 1.5 to 2%. Stock is only purchased from known producers and health declarations are essential for any incoming stock. The company keeps new animals in its quarantine paddock for a minimum of 10 days before they are introduced to new pastures flocks and herds. Currently there is little control of run-off from the feedlot. Although the feedlot is scraped and the top layer of waste is removed this does not often happen within the industry standard of every 13 weeks. Run-off is stockpiled on the farm and sometimes becomes odorous. The manager has reported that manure waste often ends up in the creek after storms. Refer to the case study. Use three environmental management criteria to assess sustainable practices in the production system. For each criterion analyse and justify three strengths and/or weaknesses. Draw a justified conclusion about the sustainability of the production system.
QUESTION 5 Determine the total variable expenses in the table. (A) $93 152 (B) $103 152 (C) $107941 (D) $136028 QUESTIONS 4-5 These questions refer to the data in the table which shows selected expenses for a merino enterprise. Expenses $ Depreciation 32 876 Seed 9456 Fertiliser 23 657 Harvesting 14690 Rates 4789 Mustering 10 000 Vaccines 17 800 Shearing 27549 Loan repayments 36 155 Total farm expenses 176972
QUESTION 6 The table shows estimated breeding values for live weight gain and reproductive characteristics for a sample of bulls. Identify which bull a producer should buy to sell two-year-old steers earlier at the minimum market live weight and improve female fertility. | Bull | 400-day weight 600-day weight Scrotal size Days to calving (A) +46 +57
QUESTION 9 The graph shows a change in the supply and demand of apples. Price Quantity Which statement best describes the change in the supply (S) demand (D) and price of apples? (A) (B) (C) (D) A marketing campaign increased the demand for apples. Production losses in the major growing areas decreased supply. Increasing production costs reduced the supply for a given price. New technology reduced the cost for farmers and increased supply.
QUESTION 16 The graphs show the volume of exports and domestic consumption for total agricultural production along with two agricultural industries. The table shows the value of production for these two industries. Wheat Fruit and nuts Total agricultural production Key | | exports Agricultural industry Wheat Fruit and nuts domestic consumption Value of production (“%) 8 8 In negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement between Australia and Indonesia why would Australia insist on including wheat rather than fruit and nuts? (A) (B) (C) (D) Wheat production is much greater than fruit and nut production. Australia has a larger export market for wheat compared to fruit and nuts. Larger areas of regional Australia are planted with wheat than fruit and nuts. Domestic demand for fruit and nuts makes their export less attractive compared to wheat.
QUESTION 19 What most effectively reduces turbidity levels in creeks located in extensive cattle operations? (A) building weirs or dams (B) erecting stock fences around the creek (C) reducing fertiliser run-off from paddocks (D) implementing a rotational grazing strategy
QUESTION 20 The table shows the gross margin for a dairy enterprise that runs 300 cows on 120 hectares. Gross income $890 000 Variable cost $650 000 Gross margin $240 000 Identify the change of input that would cause the greatest effect on gross margin for the enterprise. (A) fertiliser costs increasing from $120/ha to $165/ha (B) animal health costs increasing from $60/cow to $85/cow (C) fixed cost of labour increasing from $120 000 to $130 000 (D) council rates increasing from $45 000 per year to $65 000 per year
QUESTION 3 (4 marks) The graph shows the yield of five wheat varieties grown under differing levels of salinity. Bars represent 3-year mean grain yield values along with standard error. a) b) Yield (kg/ha) Key |_] slightly saline Wheat variety moderately saline WH strongly saline Contrast the levels of uncertainty in the data collected from moderately and strongly saline soils. Show your reasoning using evidence from the graph. Infer whether variety | is the best option to plant in strongly saline soils. Justify your answer using evidence from the graph. [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 6 (4 marks) Explain two ways a natural resource is influenced by land clearing.
QUESTION 9 (17 marks) An extensive cattle grazing property in northern Queensland focuses on breeding and backgrounding Brahman and Brahman cross animals for domestic and live export markets. Breeder numbers have declined in recent years due to drought. The property is 45 000 hectares and has an average annual rainfall of 495 mm. The current workforce consists of a property manager a head stockperson and eight recent school leavers working as jackaroos and jillaroos. Contract helicopter pilots are employed twice a year to help with mustering. An anticipated risk to this Australian agricultural enterprise 1s drought. Identify one other anticipated risk. For each risk use the PPRR (Prevention Preparedness Response Recovery) model to describe a risk management strategy for each element of the model. Justify the risk management strategy for each element.
QUESTION 10 (17 marks) A citrus orchard in Queensland grows Imperial mandarins for the domestic market and Honey Murcott mandarins for the export market. They also have a small number of other citrus trees and sell the fruit through a driveway stall and the local supermarket. The property occupies an undulating sloped area of 100 hectares and has an average annual rainfall of 870 mm. Less than half of the property is currently used for producing citrus and the remainder is unused including some river flats and hillier country. Citrus production on this property has been affected by an outbreak of citrus canker in the past. The orchard’s workforce comprises two owners who live and work full-time at the property and one full-time employee. They require additional seasonal labour to assist at harvest times. An anticipated risk to this Australian agricultural enterprise is cyclones. Identify one other anticipated risk. For each risk use the PPRR (Prevention Preparedness Response Recovery) model to describe a risk management strategy for each element of the model. Justify the risk management strategy for each element.
QUESTION 4 The graph shows the population data for edible marine species found in a native fishery. 50 40 = Species P Dm — v Danieteneieltineielieeciadiimanedeieaiadaaaiinieaimmneamanta ai ait “nada” aa 5 30 —_ ° _-’ Species Q ‘S -Species R < 20 a a 10 LL a a Species S TS PAPE SS SSE SKELASSS BD? OD? DE QD QW” WW” 7 WN SS SS SHPO HH a HW’ Which species would be most suitable for establishing a sustainable agricultural enterprise? (A) Species P (B) Species Q (C) Species R (D) Species S
QUESTION 6 Australian horticultural industries were impacted by two free trade agreements that came into effect on 1 January 2019. The table shows data for fresh horticultural exports from Australia to another country under these agreements between | January 2018 and 31 December 2020. Export (t) Asparagus 9] 118 Avocados 2601 1575 Cherries 278 Potatoes 12391 | 23174 | 20165 Identify which crop had the best outcome from the agreements. (A) asparagus (B) avocados (C) cherries (D) potatoes
QUESTION 10 The table shows yield and variable costs associated with different methods of cotton production. Income is $680 per bale for lint and seed. Which method would provide the highest gross margin per hectare? Production system | Yield (bales/ha) | Variable costs ($/ha) (A) Irrigated 12.0 3982 (B) Irrigated 12.0 4088 Dryland 4 1424 C) 0 (D) | Dryland 3.5 1290
QUESTION 11 Identify which factors affect decisions made about property management. (A) food security market suitability (B) location to markets food quality (C) financial considerations human resources (D) environmental factors population distribution
QUESTION 12 The graph shows the soil erosion potential for different agricultural land uses. 100 90 80 | Key [_] Bare soil Continuous grazing and tree clearing WH Continuous grazing and regrowth control Pasture spelling and continuous tree clearing Pasture spelling and regrowth control Soil erosion potential (%) Land use What would be the reduction in the percentage of soil erosion if pastures were spelled with control of regrowth compared to continuous grazing and tree clearing? (A) 18% (B) 28% (C) 68% (D) 83%
QUESTION 13 Two farms implemented different strategies for managing drought. Retained breeding stock Sold all steers and culled animals based on age Implemented supplementary feeding Used paddock rotation Monitored ground cover Maintained appropriate stocking rates Which steps in the PPRR management model were demonstrated by both farms? (A) prevention response recovery (B) preparedness response recovery (C) prevention preparedness recovery (D) prevention preparedness response
QUESTION 15 The table shows an excerpt of income and variable costs from a maize enterprise. Budget ($/ha) Income Fertiliser & application Herbicide & application Insecticide & application Crop levies and insurance Calculate the gross margin per hectare for the enterprise. (A) $367 (B) $415 (C) $563 (D) $1493
QUESTION 19 A cash flow statement for a farm was recorded for a three-month period. July 15 600 8231 August 3000 4122 [I September 13 432 1000 ee Calculate the September balance. (A) $1000 (B) $6185 (C) $13 616 (D) $18679
QUESTION 25 (4 marks) The graphs show the change in retail value for organic production in Australia and the energy profiles (proportion of energy per activity) for organic farming compared to conventional farming. 1200 1000 E 800 oO =) 3s 600 > ‘3 o 400 [a 200 ° 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 Year Organic farming Conventional farming Key |] Soil fertility Herbicide Wi Labour Fuel Equipment [_] Transportation Seed Draw two conclusions about the social sustainability of organic farming enterprises in Australia using the criteria of income and employment. Justify each conclusion using evidence from the graphs.
QUESTION 1 (2 marks) Explain a risk avoidance strategy for a lamb producer to minimise the effect of drought on farm income.
QUESTION 7 (5 marks) An agricultural business owns and operates a portfolio of properties feedlots and farms in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Each property is part of the business’s supply chain for breeding growing and finishing cattle and growing grains and fodder crops to support cattle production. Directors of this business are accountable for contributing to the success of the organisation. The business is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Determine the ownership structure of the business. Justify your conclusion by identifying two characteristics of this ownership structure and use evidence to support your response.
QUESTION 10 (4 marks) Mad cow disease (BSE) is an exotic disease to Australia. It is spread by cattle eating animal products containing the disease and originated through cattle being supplemented with protein from meat and bonemeal. In 1996 BSE was identified as potentially passing from animals to humans in Great Britain. The graph shows beef exports from Great Britain from 1993 to 2001. 400 350 ‘sol 250 200 150 100 0 Ld [| [| [| [ 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year Mass (x 1000 tonnes) a) Determine how introducing BSE to Australia could affect a cattle production system. [2 marks] b) Identify two strategies Australia currently uses that reduce the risk or effect of BSE being introduced. [2 marks]
QUESTION 11 (18 marks) An 8000-hectare cropping/grazing property in Central Queensland runs 400 breeding cows on improved pastures (mostly buffel grass) and includes a feedlot to finish the steer offspring. It also grows irrigated crops including cotton in summer and wheat barley and chickpeas as crop rotations in winter. The cotton used is a variety genetically modified to make it resistant to a common herbicide and contains a gene that codes for the production of Bt toxin. The toxin causes the caterpillar pest Helicoverpa sp to die when it consumes the cotton leaves. Water for irrigation comes from the Nogoa River which runs through the property. Water is supplied to the Nogoa River from the Fairbairn Dam as per the irrigation licence for the enterprise. Water is then recycled through a catchment system and reused on property using water storage. Irrigation timing 1s based on visual appraisal of the crop. The cattle are Santa Gertrudis made up of 5/8 Bos Taurus and 3/8 Bos Indicus. The steers produced are finished on the property with the feedlot located uphill from the river. Waste is removed from the feedlot and stockpiled nearby and this sometimes flows into the river during heavy storms. The cattle are grazed using a rotational grazing system with smaller paddocks. Half of the paddocks have a permanent water supply through troughs linked to a pump in the river. The paddocks that are located near the river use it as a water source for the cattle. Irrigation Water Irrigation channel catchment channel Cropping area Cropping area Manure Feedlot Cattle Permanent waste paddocks water source River Not to scale Use three environmental management criteria to assess sustainable practices in the production system. For each criterion identify three strengths or weaknesses. Draw a justified conclusion about the environmental sustainability of the production system. Explain two management practices that would improve aspects of this enterprise’s environmental sustainability.
QUESTION 12 The most effective method of comparing the profitability of an alternative enterprise to an existing one is a (A) _ partial budget. (B) cash flow budget. (C) whole-farm budget. (D) gross margin budget.
QUESTION 14 Paddock rotation is a system of (A) | planting agricultural crops in alternating strips to minimise water erosion on steeper slopes. (B) growing different crops on the same paddock from one year to the next. (C) alternating the use of paddocks to allow for a rest period. (D) breaking up paddocks to maximise feed utilisation.
QUESTION 19 The figure below shows crop tolerance to soil salinity. 100 CI | 4 80 TT NIT r SS z | | | 2 60 aa - —_. Yields unacceptable-— = | for most crops S | Poo ) | |_| 2 40 | FE Ai | | | | QT NEE ARKH FH HH] eB) 6 Foo | 20 Ss ee Se A Oe ee so ee | im Moderately \ Moderately ~ bp NG Sensitive sensitive tolerant Tolerant 0 | | 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Electrical conductivity (dS/m) For which of the following ranges of soil salinity would an agricultural crop classified as tolerant record a relative crop yield of 80%? (A) 24.0-32.0 dS/m (B) 2.5-14.5 dS/m (C) 9.5-14.5 dS/m (D) 5.5-9.5 dS/m
QUESTION 20 Which of the following is an example of a risk avoidance strategy for an agricultural producer? (A) (B) (C) (D) establishing a monoculture farming system increasing the stocking rate on their property maintaining a constant stocking rate throughout the year growing more than one type of agricultural crop at the same time
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A producer undertook a comparison of gross margins to help them decide between planting dryland sorghum or dryland sunflowers. a) Complete the table below. [2 marks] Dryland sorghum Dryland sunflowers Yield t/ha Income $/t Total income $/ha Variable costs $/ha Sowing 35.15 48.71 Fertiliser and application Herbicide and application Insecticide and application Harvesting Levies and insurance Total variable cost $/ha Gross margin $/ha Note: If you make a mistake in the table cancel it by ruling a single diagonal line through your work and use the additional table on page 13 of this question and response book. b) Which crop should the producer plant? Give a reason for your decision. [2 marks]
QUESTION 23 (4 marks) Explain two strategies that a producer could implement to increase the level of agricultural production on soil with an elevated level of salinity.
QUESTION 30 (7 marks) The figure below shows the projected human population growth in billions from 2012 to 2050. Asia including KIM SUZ i\e Wels e 7 \ Dee China and India peas <i TSA MIS Sub-Saharan WK Africa oS co Europe Latin America and F272 TIN Caribbean ASS Population in 2012 Canada and USA JN = \\) Population growth from 2012 to 2050 Rest of Africa Oceania 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 Population (billions) Table 1 below shows the expected changes in global consumption of meat products from 2006 to 2050. Table 1 R ane F050 | 8eChan Beef and mutton (kcal/person/day) egion | 2006 | 2050 %o Change 2006 2050 % Change and India feu | ww | os | mw ws |e Table 2 below shows the volume of water in litres required for each crop and animal product to produce a kilogram of product kilocalorie of energy and gram of protein. Table 2 Vests a Use the data to answer the following questions. a) Assess the opportunity for sustainable social practices in beef production systems in Australia using the following criteria. e population distribution e food quality e food security [3 marks] b) Draw aconclusion about the opportunity for sustainable social practices in beef production providing reasons to support your conclusion. [4 marks]
QUESTION 3 (4 marks) Explain two effects that land clearing has on natural resources.
QUESTION 6 (6 marks) An investigation was conducted to test the effect of planting density on the growth of sunflowers. A trial was conducted where five treatments each with three replications were tested: one plant (control) two plants four plants six plants and eight plants per 300 mm pot. Each week the average height for each treatment was calculated and recorded. The results are shown in the table below. Note: The recommended planting rate for sunflowers is equivalent to one plant per pot. Average height (cm) onal) Two plants Four plants Six plants Eight plants a) Determine the average growth rates for the control treatment and sunflowers in the eight-plant treatment from Day 7 to Day 35. (Round your answers to | decimal place.) [2 marks] Average growth rate for control treatment = b) Contrast the data for all treatment groups at Day 7 with Day 35. [2 marks] c) Explain two reasons for why plant density affects plant growth. [2 marks]
QUESTION 7 (4 marks) The table below contains live weight and carcass estimated breeding values (EBV) data for a selection of sires from a British breed catalogue. ef pw | a) Use the data to decide which bull a buyer should purchase if they wish to sell steers to the local domestic market and have been advised to e increase size and growth to 14 months e reduce fatness e maintain or improve muscularity e improve marbling. [1 mark] Bull purchased = b) Justify your decision. [3 marks]
QUESTION 12 Refer to Stimulus | in the stimulus book. Question 12 has four parts: a) b) c) and d). You must respond to all four parts. Assess the opportunity that the family has for sustainable practices in their operation. a) Explain three positive practices in their current management. b) Identify two management actions that the manager could take that would improve sustainability. Address water/soil management and weed management. Give reasons to support each action. c) Identify three future risks that the family should manage for their operation to remain sustainable. d) For one of the identified risks explain why it would be considered a risk to the future sustainability of the family’s operation. [9 marks] [6 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 13 Refer to Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book. Question 13 has two parts: a) and b). You must respond to both parts. Assess the risk associated with this agricultural enterprise for drought using the PPRR model. a) Make three recommendations for improvements in each of the four areas. [12 marks] b) For each area choose two recommendations and explain how each of these recommendations will lessen the impact of drought. [8 marks]
QUESTION 7 Which strategy would most effectively reduce turbidity in a creek running through an extensive cattle operation? (A) erect stock fences along the creek (B) remove aquatic vegetation from the creek (C) limit the stocking rate of cattle over the operation (D) increase the level of chemical control of weeds along the creek bank
QUESTION 4 Which expense is a fixed cost? (A) seed (B) shearing (C) harvesting (D) depreciation QUESTIONS 4-5 These questions refer to the data in the table which shows selected expenses for a merino enterprise. Expenses $ Depreciation 32 876 9456 Fertiliser 23 657 Harvesting 14690 4789 Mustering 10 000 Vaccines 17 800 Shearing 27 549 Loan repayments 36 155 Total farm expenses 176972
QUESTION 27 (6 marks) The graphs show the erosion rate of soil on two blocks of land of varying slopes one covered in grass and one covered in trees and shrubs. Grass Measured erosion rate (t/ha/yr) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Slope degree Measured erosion rate (t/ha/yr) Trees and shrubs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 Slope degree a) Identify differences in the erosion rate of soil on the two blocks of land. The graph shows a cross-section of land for an animal production area. b) Slope > 40° G a oe oO an A Using the data from Question 27a) decide whether grass or trees and shrubs would be more suitable for sustainable animal production on sections A and B. Justify your conclusions. 5 [2 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 4 (2 marks) Describe the impact that a specific government decision or policy has on an Australian agricultural enterprise.
QUESTION 9 (6 marks) The graph shows the impact of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on wheat yield N losses due to leaching and estimated grain nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 10 60 ? M-- mT M---- LL x Z a 50 = 8 © Q E 40 & = 6 ey = / > 1) ae be) 5 5 Ma 30 Ps 8 4 y Z = 3 a 20 : 24 pt a 0 0 0 48 96 144 192 240 288 N fertiliser applied (kg N/ha/yr) Key —e— NUE --*-- Wheat yield |__] N leached a) Identify the mass of N applied to achieve the highest wheat yield per hectare. [1 mark] b) Describe the trend between the level of N fertiliser applied and NUE. [2 marks] c) Draw aconclusion about the optimal level of N fertiliser for wheat production. Justify your conclusion using two pieces of evidence from the graph. [3 marks]
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