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QUESTION 2 The most important function of microscopic organisms in a ruminant digestive system is the (A) digestion of fat. (B) digestion of cellulose. (C) synthesis of vitamin A. (D) absorption of amino acids.
QUESTION 4 The diagram shows the different processes that take place in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide im atmosphere Calcrum carbonate (limestone and shells) Fuels (oul coal and gas) Identify the process taking place at point X. (A) decomposition (B) fossilisation (C) respiration (D) feeding
QUESTION 5 The table shows part of the nutritional analysis for four different pig rations. Ton Calcium (%) 0.9-1.2 0.8-1.4 1.0-1.3 1.0-1.4 Use the table to identify the most appropriate ration for non-lactating sows. (A) Ration A (B) Ration B (C) Ration C (D) Ration D
QUESTION 14 Vitamins are important for a six-week-old calf because they (A) stimulate the functioning of the rumen. (B) ensure normal fat digestion. (C) improve feed efficiency. (D) support fertility.
QUESTION 19 Feed sources that could be used to meet the crude protein requirement for a ewe that has lambed are (A) molasses grassy lucerne and wheat grain. (B) wheat grain grassy lucerne and chickpeas. (C) sorghum grain chickpeas and immature grass pasture. (D) sorghum grain cottonseed meal and immature grass pasture. Use these tables for Questions 19 and 20. The tables contain a nutrient analysis for different animal feeds and the minimum recommended crude protein for sheep at different stages of development. Animal feed Metabolisable energy | Crude protein (“%) Dry matter (“%) a kg dry matter) |Wheat grain |Wheat grain a a a [cuts] [onsvheme | BS Fiomaoegasswe] [couomednet fT Dosee
QUESTION 20 To supply approximately 47 MJ metabolisable energy and 0.51 kg crude protein on a dry matter basis to animals that will be introduced to a feedlot for a short period of time and are expected to eat 5 kg a day an appropriate ration 1s (A) 4kg wheat grain + | kg chickpeas. (B) 3 kg wheat grain + 2 kg chickpeas. (C) 3 kg grassy lucerne + 2 kg wheat grain. (D) 4kg immature grass pasture + | kg wheat grain. Use these tables for Questions 19 and 20. The tables contain a nutrient analysis for different animal feeds and the minimum recommended crude protein for sheep at different stages of development. Animal feed Metabolisable energy | Crude protein (%) Dry matter (“%) a kg dry matter) |Wheat grain |Wheat grain a [cutesy fonsvee [| BSCdSO Finucane] [covoseimet | Sd Dose
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A producer has a 10-ha paddock with 2000 kg DM/ha of feed available. Calculate the number of 300-kg steers the producer could run in the paddock for 25 days. Assume these steers have a pasture intake of 10 kg DM/head/day and that pastures should be destocked to prevent over-grazing when they are at a mass of 1000 kg green DM/ha. Show your working.
QUESTION 25 (4 marks) The table contains mean values for feed intake feed conversion ratio average daily weight gain and end-of-trial fat depth of feedlot lambs that were given feeds formulated at different energy levels. Feed Intake (kg/day) Feed Average daily | Fat depth (mm) conversion ratio | gain (g/day) | Low energy | | 23405 | | 5106 | 476+ 30.0 Medium energy —_ +09 oo +05 512 + 30.1 ee High energy 17 +03 39 + 0.6 528 +314 Contrast the results of using the different feeds. Draw conclusions about the best feed for fat lamb production.
QUESTION 28 (7 marks) Mulesing involves the removal of wool-bearing skin from the breech area of a sheep. In 2008 over 95% of wool growers used this technique (without pain relief) to prevent flystrike in their flocks. The graph shows the change in the percentage of wool growers who either do not practise mulesing ceased mulesing or use pain relief with mulesing. The table shows how long it would take to improve resistance to flystrike in sheep using an alternative method to mulesing. [|] Pam relief [ij] Ceased mulesing ra Wl Not mulesed S Wool growers % 3 Wrinkle score Risk Proportion of flock (%) Note: An assessment of wrinkle score will provide an indication of breech flystrike risk. 30% at risk can be culled and maintain a stable flock. a) Use the graph to calculate the percentage change in producers who practised mulesing with pain relief between February 2009 and February 2019. Show your working. [2 marks] b) Use the table to identify the alternative method to mulesing. [1 mark] c) Draw aconclusion about how willing wool producers were to adopt this method. Use data to justify your conclusion. [4 marks]
QUESTION 1 The table contains feed consumption and live weight data for four different agricultural animals. Identify the animal that has the best feed conversion ratio. Animal | Mass of food | Mass gained by eaten (kg) the animal (kg)
QUESTION 6 In a monogastric animal carbohydrates are absorbed in the (A) rumen. (B) true stomach. (C) large intestine. (D) small intestine.
QUESTION 10 The table shows the percentage of nutrients found in four different poultry feeds. Identify the most appropriate feed for laying hens. Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Minimum Minimum crude crude fat | crude fibre | added salt calcium available phosphorus (%)
QUESTION 20 In a ruminant animal fats are broken down into (A) amino acids. (B) hydrochloric acid. (C) volatile fatty acids. (D) essential fatty acids.
QUESTION 21 (1 mark) Identify the six different types of energy involved in digestion and metabolism of food.
QUESTION 25 (5 marks) The graph shows changes in pasture quality over time. The table contains the energy and protein requirements for weaner sheep at different live weights. Digestibility Energy Protein (%) (MJ ME/kg DM) = (%) Hich ® Active growth 95-10 16 1g production @ Late vegetation @ Early flowering Moderate 75 10 production @ Mid flowering @ Dry grass and stalks Weight loss of dry stock @ Dry stalks Time Live weight Weaner < 20 kg | Weaner 20-25 kg | Weaner > 25 kg Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg dry matter) 3.4-4.5 4.5—5.7 5.7-6.8 Crude protein (“) 14-16 12-14 10-12 a) Describe one function of protein in an animal’s diet. [1 mark] b) Use the table to identify the relationship between the crude protein requirement and the weight of weaner sheep. [1 mark] c) Use the graph and table to draw a conclusion about the effect on animal growth if a group of 30 kg weaner sheep was fed a grass-based pasture at the late flowering and dry grass and stalks stages. Explain your reasoning. [3 marks]
QUESTION 7 The first stage of fat digestion (excluding volatile fatty acids) in mature cattle occurs in the (A) small intestine. (B) abomasum. (C) omasum. (D) rumen.
QUESTION 9 The graph shows a change in the supply and demand of apples. Price Quantity Which statement best describes the change in the supply (S) demand (D) and price of apples? (A) (B) (C) (D) A marketing campaign increased the demand for apples. Production losses in the major growing areas decreased supply. Increasing production costs reduced the supply for a given price. New technology reduced the cost for farmers and increased supply.
QUESTION 10 Select the combination of processes that best describes the role of microscopic organisms in the rumen. Process 1 Process 2 “ Absorption of nitrogen Absorption of carbohydrates Conversion of carbohydrates to volatile Conversion of nitrogen to microbial protein fatty acids Degradation of protein to amino acids Conversion of carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids Conversion of nitrogen to microbial protein Absorption of carbohydrates
QUESTION 14 Protein functions in ruminant animals include (A) increasing marbling in meat and providing energy for muscle development. (B) enabling chemical reactions and production of genetic material. (C) improving water retention and increasing faecal output. (D) improving energy output in cells and urinary function.
QUESTION 22 (7 marks) a) Identify two differences between the quality of feedlot rations and green fodder crops. [2 marks] A producer has recently weaned first-cross lambs that currently have a mean weight of 32 kg. The Meat Standards Australia requirements for selling lamb and feed options for these lambs are shown in the tables. Dressing percentage (lambs) Uneaned (6) Weaned (6) Lamb finishing system First-cross weight gain (g/head/day) Feedlot rations b) Determine the optimal feeding system to use if the weaned lambs are to go to market in 60 days with a fat score of 3 and a maximum carcass weight of 20 kg. Show your reasoning. [5 marks]
QUESTION 24 (5 marks) The graph shows changes in the body composition of two steers of different breeds A and B at different times during their development. a) b) 500 ' ' \ ‘ ' ' Key 450 : : : : : 3 — Steer A muscle 400 ---- Steer A fat 350 —-- Steer B muscle eH ~ 300 Steer B fat a S250 3 oO D 200 io 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Age (years) Determine which steer matures earlier. Justify your decision. [2 marks] Discuss the implications of using an early maturing breed in terms of accessibility to different markets. In your response propose a solution for producers that allows them to meet different market requirements. [3 marks]
QUESTION 5 Which ration would best suit the general nutritional requirements of an egg-laying chicken? Minimum protein (%) Minimum calcium (“%) Maximum crude fibre (“%) (A) | 19.5 1.0 6.0 (B) | 15.5 3.5 10.0 (Cc) | 15.5 1.0 11.5 D
QUESTION 8 Deformed bones were observed in an animal herd. This condition is most likely caused by a deficiency in (A) iron. (B) calcium. (C) nitrogen. (D) phosphorus.
QUESTION 17 The diagram represents a ruminant stomach. Not to scale The main nutritional contribution of the microbes found in X is (A) vitamin C synthesis. (B) cellulose breakdown to volatile fatty acids. (C) increased absorption of potassium and phosphorus. (D) methane production from carbohydrate breakdown.
QUESTION 26 (3 marks) An experiment was conducted to assess the effect food additives had on weight gain in layer chickens. The graph shows the feed conversion ratios for layer chickens fed two different additives compared to a commercial ration (the control). 125+ |} | Ee C 0.75 Feed conversion ratio 0.50 0.25 _ ontrol Additive A Additive B Draw a conclusion about which feed type provides the optimal feed conversion for layer chickens. Use two pieces of evidence from the graph to support your conclusion.
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is a major function of rumen bacteria in animal nutrition? (A) (B) (C) (D) secreting enzymes to assist in the breakdown of carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids secreting enzymes to assist in the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol synthesising carbohydrates to simple sugars synthesising vitamin D
QUESTION 3 Which pathway represents the metabolism of energy in animals? (A) gross energy — digestible energy — net energy — metabolisable energy — maintenance and production energy (B) gross energy — digestible energy — metabolisable energy — net energy — maintenance and production energy (C) gross energy — digestible energy — maintenance and production energy — metabolisable energy — net energy (D) gross energy — metabolisable energy — digestible energy — ammonia — maintenance and production energy — net energy
QUESTION 4 Four steers were weighed to calculate their feed conversion ratios (FCR) as shown in the table below. Animal I Il IV 5.6: | From the data in the table which two animals would be the costliest to finish for optimum condition if all four animals were introduced to a feedlot finishing ration? (A) Animal I and Animal III (B) Animal I and Animal IV (C) Animal II and Animal III (D) Animal II and Animal IV
QUESTION 24 (3 marks) Identify three components of nutrition that are important to agricultural animals.
QUESTION 27 (2 marks) An animal study fed four groups of birds of the same age the same ration for a period of seven days. The table below shows the birds’ average mass gain and the amount of food consumed for each group. Mass of food eaten (g) / animal Interpret the results to decide which group of birds is genetically superior in terms of production. Explain your decision.
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Identify where carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood in a) ruminant animals [1 mark] b) monogastric animals. [1 mark]
QUESTION 1 (3 marks) Nutritional constituents of three commercially prepared poultry rations are shown in the table below. Available phosphorus (%) 0.5 0.5 Contrast the information in the table to justify which ration should be used for 16-week-old egg-laying chickens.
QUESTION 2 (3 marks) Table | lists the nutritional requirements for cattle based on their stage of production. Table 1 Category Life stage Dry matter Non-digestible (life stage) intake fibre (%) Bull calf >12 months old 2.8 Table 2 shows some nutritional analysis of a generic cattle pellet. Table 2 Justify which life-stage categories could be fed the generic pellet.
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) Identify four differences between protein metabolism in ruminant and monogastric animals.
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