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QUESTION 1 Identify the hormone that causes cell elongation in plants. (A) auxin (B) ethylene (C) gibberellin (D) abscisic acid
QUESTION 2 The most important function of microscopic organisms in a ruminant digestive system is the (A) digestion of fat. (B) digestion of cellulose. (C) synthesis of vitamin A. (D) absorption of amino acids.
QUESTION 3 Legume pasture species can support sustainable plant production by (A) increasing groundwater recharge. (B) improving soil structure/porosity. (C) removing excessive sodium from the topsoil. (D) improving potassium availability in soil for plant use.
QUESTION 4 The diagram shows the different processes that take place in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide im atmosphere Calcrum carbonate (limestone and shells) Fuels (oul coal and gas) Identify the process taking place at point X. (A) decomposition (B) fossilisation (C) respiration (D) feeding
QUESTION 5 The table shows part of the nutritional analysis for four different pig rations. Ton Calcium (%) 0.9-1.2 0.8-1.4 1.0-1.3 1.0-1.4 Use the table to identify the most appropriate ration for non-lactating sows. (A) Ration A (B) Ration B (C) Ration C (D) Ration D
QUESTION 6 The graph shows the price and domestic supply of avocados between 2011 and 2018. kz kt 7 ™) a mi ; 0 4 x) ; 3 a) — Avocado pee 30 ; ; ; 4) [| Austilian prodochon 10 ; Fy q [New Zealand imports 20ll FOO 7013 2014 #3015 «6 OMT 61 Year The change in the price of avocados between 2013 and 2014 is most likely due to (A) adecrease in the demand for avocados. (B) an increase in the demand for avocados. (C) aslight increase in the overall supply of avocados. (D) an increase in the supply of cheap avocados from New Zealand.
QUESTION 7 Commercial fishing from native fisheries must be sustainable to continue. The graph shows the commercial catch of a marine species from a native fishery measured in tonnes (t) from 2008 to the end of 2017. — f= — E es €¢ 2 8 8 & & Commercial catch (t} oo as 700 60M AS MCCS ‘Year Which of the following options represents the approximate average annual decrease in commercial catch between the start of 2008 and end of 2017? (A) 41 tonnes (B) 55 tonnes (C) 65 tonnes (D) 72 tonnes
QUESTION 8 The table shows the annual sources of income from the sale of animals for a fat lamb enterprise. Price per head Cartage (%) Determine the gross annual income of the enterprise. (A) $52560 (B) $77235 (C) $84 465 (D) $85 485
QUESTION 9 Which part of the PPRR model of risk management best demonstrates a producer’s decision to sell non-breeders during a drought? (A) prevention (B) preparedness (C) response (D) recovery
QUESTION 10 The table shows catalogue EBV information for two rams of the same breed at a sale. Litter 8-week | Maternal Scan Muscle | Fat depth size weight Se depth Ram 1EBV | 0.30 | 4.39 ke | 0.02 kg | 10.36 kg | | 5.1mm | | 051mm | ete | ee Aonowf «| * |» |» | | 9 | 2 Ram | would be the preferred sire for a producer to use if they wanted to breed better ewes and finish lambs over a longer period because (A) Ram 1 has a higher maternal EBV than Ram 2. (B) Ram | has higher muscle and fat depth EBVs than Ram 2. (C) lambs will still have a respectable growth rate compared to lambs produced from Ram 2. (D) ewe lambs retained for breeding would produce more lambs and grade better at slaughter.
QUESTION 11 The supply of an agricultural product is most directly affected by the (A) amount of household disposable income. (B) number of people wanting the product. (C) market price offered for a product. (D) price of alternative products.
QUESTION 12 A disease control program for an agricultural animal follows the timeline shown in the graph. Which of the following options best describes the point labelled X on the graph? (A) the highest level of protective antibodies for the animal (B) the animal is susceptible to infection by identified microbial disease (C) immunity levels are rising in the young animal 12 months after birth (D) maternal antibodies are providing the animal with sufficient immunity
Difficulty: C
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Paper 1
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2020
QUESTION 13 The table identifies the minimum requirements for different lamb export markets. Market Liveweight Carcass weight | Preferred fat ——— range (kg) range (kg) score | Heavy export | export 38-64 20-30 | tod | to 4 Light export 25-35 10-16 ‘Hajj’ market 35-41 18-22 Identify the lamb that is best suited to the heavy export market. Liveweight (kg) | Carcass weight (kg)
QUESTION 14 Vitamins are important for a six-week-old calf because they (A) stimulate the functioning of the rumen. (B) ensure normal fat digestion. (C) improve feed efficiency. (D) support fertility.
QUESTION 15 The table shows livestock’s approximate tolerances to dissolved salts in drinking water. Livestock No adverse Reluctance Decline in condition effects (g/L) to drink (g/L) and health (g/L) piss POO | p 10-50 5.0 p 50-70 7.0 Identify the livestock that would suffer a loss in production with a total dissolved salt measurement of 4820 mg/L. (A) pigs (B) horses (C) beef cattle (D) dairy cattle
QUESTION 16 Identify the organisms that can cause a metazoal disease. (A) barber’s pole worm buffalo flies and cattle ticks (B) tapeworms liver flukes and clostridial bacteria (C) clostridial bacteria roundworms and lice (D) _ stickfast fleas cattle ticks and ringworm
QUESTION 17 An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different fertiliser treatments on the fruit yield of apple trees. Each fertiliser treatment was made up of a base of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) and a combination of mineral or organic material. The table shows the mean values + confidence interval (CI) at 95% level. Fertiliser treatment Yield per tree (kg) NPK + zeolite 22.6 + 0.6 NPK + cattle manure 237+04 NPK + chicken manure 235+0.3 NPK + zeolite + cattle manure | 21.0 + 1.0 The conclusion supported by the data is (A) NPK + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + zeolite. (B) NPK + chicken manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + cattle manure. (C) NPK + zeolite + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with NPK + chicken manure. (D) NPK + cattle manure significantly increased yield per tree compared with the other fertiliser treatments.
QUESTION 18 Identify the genetic technique used to naturally combine desirable genes found in two or more different plant varieties to produce superior pure-breeding offspring. (A) grafting (B) hybridisation (C) tissue culture (D) genetic modification
QUESTION 19 Feed sources that could be used to meet the crude protein requirement for a ewe that has lambed are (A) molasses grassy lucerne and wheat grain. (B) wheat grain grassy lucerne and chickpeas. (C) sorghum grain chickpeas and immature grass pasture. (D) sorghum grain cottonseed meal and immature grass pasture. Use these tables for Questions 19 and 20. The tables contain a nutrient analysis for different animal feeds and the minimum recommended crude protein for sheep at different stages of development. Animal feed Metabolisable energy | Crude protein (“%) Dry matter (“%) a kg dry matter) |Wheat grain |Wheat grain a a a [cuts] [onsvheme | BS Fiomaoegasswe] [couomednet fT Dosee
QUESTION 20 To supply approximately 47 MJ metabolisable energy and 0.51 kg crude protein on a dry matter basis to animals that will be introduced to a feedlot for a short period of time and are expected to eat 5 kg a day an appropriate ration 1s (A) 4kg wheat grain + | kg chickpeas. (B) 3 kg wheat grain + 2 kg chickpeas. (C) 3 kg grassy lucerne + 2 kg wheat grain. (D) 4kg immature grass pasture + | kg wheat grain. Use these tables for Questions 19 and 20. The tables contain a nutrient analysis for different animal feeds and the minimum recommended crude protein for sheep at different stages of development. Animal feed Metabolisable energy | Crude protein (%) Dry matter (“%) a kg dry matter) |Wheat grain |Wheat grain a [cutesy fonsvee [| BSCdSO Finucane] [covoseimet | Sd Dose
QUESTION 21 (4 marks) Use an example to explain the process that an agricultural plant product undergoes between harvest and sale to the consumer.
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A producer has a 10-ha paddock with 2000 kg DM/ha of feed available. Calculate the number of 300-kg steers the producer could run in the paddock for 25 days. Assume these steers have a pasture intake of 10 kg DM/head/day and that pastures should be destocked to prevent over-grazing when they are at a mass of 1000 kg green DM/ha. Show your working.
QUESTION 23 (6 marks) Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a severe highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle sheep and pigs. The most common signs of FMD are fluid-filled blisters and ulcers in the mouth and on the feet lameness excessive salivation and loss of appetite. There is no specific treatment for FMD. If an outbreak were to occur in Australia movement control measures would need to be initiated. All infected animals would need to be destroyed. Draw three conclusions about the impact of an FMD outbreak on Australian livestock industries. Provide reasoning to support each of your conclusions.
QUESTION 24 (4 marks) A cattle producer has a creek running through their property. The creek provides water for cattle and the irrigation of fodder crops and improved pastures to boost animal production. After experiencing a year with significantly less than average rainfall the producer notices that native vegetation along the creek bank is dying off the creek water is more discoloured than usual and the leaves in the fodder crops and improved pastures are yellowing. Explain two strategies the producer could implement to reverse the processes that are occurring on the property.
QUESTION 25 (4 marks) The table contains mean values for feed intake feed conversion ratio average daily weight gain and end-of-trial fat depth of feedlot lambs that were given feeds formulated at different energy levels. Feed Intake (kg/day) Feed Average daily | Fat depth (mm) conversion ratio | gain (g/day) | Low energy | | 23405 | | 5106 | 476+ 30.0 Medium energy —_ +09 oo +05 512 + 30.1 ee High energy 17 +03 39 + 0.6 528 +314 Contrast the results of using the different feeds. Draw conclusions about the best feed for fat lamb production.
QUESTION 26 (4 marks) a) b) c) d) What is a tariff? What is a free trade agreement? Explain why the European Union (EU) currently has a tariff on Australian lamb and beef. Explain the impact that a tariff as high as 50% has on the sale of Australian goods in the EU. [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]
QUESTION 28 (7 marks) Mulesing involves the removal of wool-bearing skin from the breech area of a sheep. In 2008 over 95% of wool growers used this technique (without pain relief) to prevent flystrike in their flocks. The graph shows the change in the percentage of wool growers who either do not practise mulesing ceased mulesing or use pain relief with mulesing. The table shows how long it would take to improve resistance to flystrike in sheep using an alternative method to mulesing. [|] Pam relief [ij] Ceased mulesing ra Wl Not mulesed S Wool growers % 3 Wrinkle score Risk Proportion of flock (%) Note: An assessment of wrinkle score will provide an indication of breech flystrike risk. 30% at risk can be culled and maintain a stable flock. a) Use the graph to calculate the percentage change in producers who practised mulesing with pain relief between February 2009 and February 2019. Show your working. [2 marks] b) Use the table to identify the alternative method to mulesing. [1 mark] c) Draw aconclusion about how willing wool producers were to adopt this method. Use data to justify your conclusion. [4 marks]
QUESTION 29 (4 marks) The table shows data from a greenhouse trial which was conducted to compare hydroponic and soil-grown strawberries. Mean mass of individual berries + SD (g) 5.4 + 3.0 71 43.7 Water use (L) 1363 1968 Analyse the data to determine the best growing medium for strawberries in a market in which the price per kg is 10% higher for hydroponically grown strawberries.
QUESTION 30 (3 marks) Use an example to explain two benefits for farmers who use genetically engineered crops.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) The table shows average Angus herd EBVs for live weight (kg) from 2015 to 2017. a) Determine the change in average 600-day weight from 2015 to 2017. b) Ifthe data trends in the table continue draw conclusions about the impact on the Angus breed into the future. [1 mark] [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (3 marks) a) Identify an advantage of tissue culture and explain how this can be used in an agricultural setting. [2 marks] b) Describe the genetic relationship between the original plant and the new plant in the process of tissue culture. [1 mark]
QUESTION 3 (3 marks) The graph shows the domestic price of strawberries in New Zealand from June (J) 2006 to December (D) 2011. ike 40 NAAR AA 0 JS DMISDMWMISDMIJ]IS OMI SS DMI 5 BD AKG 2007 200K 2009 2010 2011 a) Determine the change in domestic price between December 2008 and March (M) 2009. [1 mark] b) Identify the season likely to see the greatest supply of strawberries. Provide a reason for your decision. [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (4 marks) The table shows the results of an experiment that compared varieties of canola for oil production and yield. The current base price for canola is $592 per tonne. A 1.5% premium is paid for every 1% of oil content above 42%. A 1.5% discount 1s applied for every 1% of oil content below 41%. Variety 1 | Variety 2 | Variety 3 Ciena Vi ha Draw a conclusion about which canola variety should be selected for commercial production. Show your working.
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) Identify two plant pests or diseases that are significant for plant industries. Describe why each pest or disease 1s a major issue for its respective industry. Plant pest/disease 1: Plant pest/disease 2:
QUESTION 6 (3 marks) a) Explain one reason for a producer to clear land on their property. [1 mark] b) Describe one short-term effect and one long-term effect land clearing may have on the soil. [2 marks]
QUESTION 7 (4 marks) An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of spraying different concentrations of a hormone on the maturation of different apple varieties. a) Identify the plant hormone that was applied to the apples. Explain the effect this hormone has on apple maturation time using evidence from the graph. [2 marks] b) Identify the optimum concentration of hormone that should be applied to Golden apples. Provide reasoning to support your decision. [2 marks]
QUESTION 8 (6 marks) Two groups of sheep were grown under different management strategies. One group was weaned at 4 months and sent to the abattoir. The second group was weaned at 3 months and then fed on grain for 40 days before being sent to the abattoir. The tables show the results for each of the management strategies and the minimum requirements for different lamb markets. Management strategy Average Daily weight gain Final fat Dressing birthweight (kg/day) depth (mm) | percentage (kg) — _1_| wean after 90 a 4.5 Before weaning: 0.25 Fed grain for 40 days On grain: 0.40 Market Carcass weight (kg) Fat depth (mm) Grain feeding aS a ec a) Determine the expected final weight and carcass weight of the two groups of sheep. Give your answers to two decimal places. [4 marks] b) Determine the target market for the two groups of sheep. [2 marks]
QUESTION 9 (5 marks) The table gives the results from a trial conducted on sugarcane over five years. A fallow crop of soybeans was planted grown and ploughed back into the soil prior to planting the sugarcane. A control practice was to leave the soil fallowed between sugarcane harvest and the next season’s planting. At each location the mean crop yield was measured over five years. Location Legume fallow Bare fallow Nitrogen Mean yield Nitrogen Mean yield fertiliser applied (t/ha) fertiliser applied (t/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) a) Draw aconclusion about the most suitable crop rotation system to use. Use the table to justify your conclusion. [2 marks] b) Identify two advantages of the crop rotation system identified in 9a). [2 marks] c) Provide one disadvantage of the crop rotation system identified 1n 9a). [1 mark]
QUESTION 10 (15 marks) Refer to Stimulus 1-3 in the stimulus book. Use three criteria to assess opportunities for sustainable social practices for an industry of your choice. For each criterion analyse and justify three strengths and/or weaknesses. Draw a conclusion about the sustainability of the production system.
QUESTION 1 The table contains feed consumption and live weight data for four different agricultural animals. Identify the animal that has the best feed conversion ratio. Animal | Mass of food | Mass gained by eaten (kg) the animal (kg)
QUESTION 2 An appropriate risk management strategy for a honey bee enterprise is to (A) sell honey bee—related products to one market. (B) develop new product types from extracted honey. (C) provide enough water to meet environmental conditions. (D) identify one supplier to provide replacement queen bees.
QUESTION 3 A dairy farmer is planning to introduce new genetics into the herd to improve milk protein yield. The table shows Australian Breeding Values (ABVs) for four bulls. Identify the bull the farmer should use to improve the milk protein content of the herd. Milk protein yield Milk yield Fat yield rol dry/lactation) (L/lactation) ——
QUESTION 4 The table shows grain yield from a field trial for two varieties of oats at different rates of nitrogen application. Rate of nitrogen | Variety 1 | Variety 2 applied (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.6 ws Which conclusion can be supported by the data? (A) Variety 2 demonstrates the largest positive response to nitrogen application. (B) Both varieties show a decline in yield at the same rate of nitrogen application. (C) Variety | requires less nitrogen fertiliser than Variety 2 to achieve optimal production. (D) Other major nutrients are limiting grain yield for Variety 2 at an application rate of 80 kg/ha.
QUESTION 5 The table shows the population data collected in a study of four edible insect species in a 10-ha area. Species Year Th. gigas B. Identify the species that could be a commercial option if harvested for human consumption in the local region. (A) C. redtembacheri H. (B) A. hesperiaris W. (C) M. melliger W. (D) Th. gigas B.
QUESTION 6 In a monogastric animal carbohydrates are absorbed in the (A) rumen. (B) true stomach. (C) large intestine. (D) small intestine.
QUESTION 7 The diagram shows a simplified nutrient cycle. Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Soil organic matter Identify the process marked X on the diagram. (A) respiration (B) combustion (C) decomposition (D) photosynthesis
QUESTION 8 Crossbreeding involves developing new plant varieties by crossing offspring from (A) related plants with themselves. (B) unrelated plants of different varieties. (C) related plants until the offspring are purebred. (D) plants of different varieties by using pollen in sterile cultures.
QUESTION 9 Identify which type of animal uses volatile fatty acids as its major source of energy. (A) fish (B) goats (C) horses (D) poultry
QUESTION 10 The table shows the percentage of nutrients found in four different poultry feeds. Identify the most appropriate feed for laying hens. Minimum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Minimum Minimum crude crude fat | crude fibre | added salt calcium available phosphorus (%)
QUESTION 11 The table shows the bone muscle and fat percentages of carcasses for a type of agricultural animal at different stages of the production cycle. The stages are not in any order. Stage of production Muscle (“%) A conclusion supported by the data in the table is that the animal at (A) Stage I is a leaner carcass than the animal at Stage IV. (B) Stage IV is a younger animal than the animal at Stage II. (C) Stage II has a lower meat yield than the animal at Stage III. (D) Stage II is at an earlier stage of its production cycle than the animal at Stage I.
QUESTION 12 Dairy goat production could be positively influenced by (A) (B) (C) (D) breeding with an F1 generation male. vaccinating annually for clostridial diseases. grazing on a lucerne pasture for an extended time. moving stock into a paddock that is currently being grazed by sheep.
QUESTION 13 The table shows an excerpt of income and variable costs from a merino enterprise. Budget ($) icone Wool harvesting and selling Shearing Calculate the gross margin for the enterprise. (A) -$77663 (B) $60444 (C) $77663 (D) $137589
QUESTION 14 Chlorothalonil is a fungicide that controls downy mildew in zucchinis. The recommended application schedule is 7 to 14 days. When disease pressure is high the manufacturer recommends spraying at 2.5 L/ha at 7-day intervals. Identify the total volume of fungicide required for a 3.5-ha zucchini crop over a 2-week period in which 10 mL of rain has fallen. (A) 7.00L (B) 8.75L (C) 17.50L (D) 26.25L
QUESTION 15 The most effective alternative method to mulesing in sheep is (A) (B) (C) (D) breeding sheep without wool in the breech area. moving sheep to a new paddock. vaccinating for diseases. providing pain relief.
QUESTION 16 A demand factor that could increase the price of coffee beans grown in northern Queensland is the (A) arrival of coffee berry disease in Australia. (B) implementation of a foreign trade agreement. (C) implementation of water quotas in irrigation areas. (D) destruction of plantations due to extreme weather events.
QUESTION 17 The graphs show the effect of 25 mg/L GA; spray applied to mandarin trees on peel fresh weight (I) pulp fresh weight including juice content (II) and peel:pulp ratio (III). Error bars indicate standard error. 40- Key I 36- (se s: || Control Peel fresh weight 7 (e/fruit) > . E 25 mg/L GA; | 2875 1207 Il 110- Pulp fresh weight - (g/fruit) ™ NS WY! WY WW MM 90- = WW WIR WK SN o2) on) | ur N Na Il Peel:pulp ratio ae aE Fwy Lh IN IW N Oo | WI 2 40 N oS 8 Time after application (days) A conclusion that could be drawn from this experiment is that GA; treatment (A) slowed the increase in peel weight during maturation. (B —_ significantly decreased the pulp weight during maturation. (C —_ significantly delayed the naturally occurring decrease in peel:pulp ratio. (D — significantly increased the peel weight compared to the control treatment.
QUESTION 18 A market specification criterion used only by Meat Standards Australia (MSA) is (A) fat depth. (B) meat colour. (C) carcass weight. (D) tropical content.
QUESTION 19 A source of extreme risk for farm workers that can occur in a plant production system is (A) applying a pesticide to a greenhouse hydroponic system. (B) formulating a ration using a hammer mill. (C) mixing a herbicide with a surfactant. (D) moving stock between paddocks.
QUESTION 20 In a ruminant animal fats are broken down into (A) amino acids. (B) hydrochloric acid. (C) volatile fatty acids. (D) essential fatty acids.
QUESTION 21 (1 mark) Identify the six different types of energy involved in digestion and metabolism of food.
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A cage egg producer in Queensland is concerned about the low level of cage egg sales in the retail market. Explain two risk management strategies the producer could use to help prevent financial loss.
QUESTION 23 (4 marks) a) Describe paddock rotation and the reason for this practice. [2 marks] The table contains yield data for different grazing management strategies. Strategy Annual yield | Utilisation (t DM/ha) (%) b) Draw a conclusion about the grazing strategy most likely to increase animal production. Justify your conclusion. [2 marks]
QUESTION 24 (6 marks) a) Identify one significant animal disease that affects production. [1 mark] b) Identify two health effects and two economic effects of the disease identified in Question 24a). [2 marks] c) Use an example to explain a biological method of pest control and the conditions that should be met before it is used to control an animal pest. [3 marks]
QUESTION 25 (5 marks) The graph shows changes in pasture quality over time. The table contains the energy and protein requirements for weaner sheep at different live weights. Digestibility Energy Protein (%) (MJ ME/kg DM) = (%) Hich ® Active growth 95-10 16 1g production @ Late vegetation @ Early flowering Moderate 75 10 production @ Mid flowering @ Dry grass and stalks Weight loss of dry stock @ Dry stalks Time Live weight Weaner < 20 kg | Weaner 20-25 kg | Weaner > 25 kg Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg dry matter) 3.4-4.5 4.5—5.7 5.7-6.8 Crude protein (“) 14-16 12-14 10-12 a) Describe one function of protein in an animal’s diet. [1 mark] b) Use the table to identify the relationship between the crude protein requirement and the weight of weaner sheep. [1 mark] c) Use the graph and table to draw a conclusion about the effect on animal growth if a group of 30 kg weaner sheep was fed a grass-based pasture at the late flowering and dry grass and stalks stages. Explain your reasoning. [3 marks]
QUESTION 26 (7 marks) A producer is developing a cropping plan for next summer. They are considering whether they should plant peanuts or lucerne. Peanuts Budget ($/ha) Income Jumbo (2.5 t/ha @ $1200/t) Ones (0.5 t/ha @ $1000/t) Splits (0.25 t/ha @ $900/t) Total income Variable costs Fallow management Planting 313 Plant protection 129 360 Harvesting 241 Total variable costs Lucerne Budget ($/ha) Variable costs Fallow management Plant nutrition Plant protection 8 Irrigation 630 Total variable costs a) Determine the values for the cells marked X Y and Z in the tables. X: Y: Z: b) Use the data in the tables to identify which crop the producer should plant. Provide reasoning for your decision. [3 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 27 (7 marks) A trial was conducted on a double-crop rotation system using nitrogen supplied in different forms to evaluate the effects of different fertilisers on crop yield. The different kinds of common organic fertilisers used and compared to the control treatment (C) were: ¢ general organic fertiliser (GOF) ¢ biogas residue (BR) ¢ refined organic fertiliser (ROF). Both crops of tomato used the same variety. The graph shows the mean yield for each crop and fertiliser treatment. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. 120 100 i t = 80 : = rz a = 60 Ye Y Uj 3 Y Y - 40 ] ] ] C GOF BR ROF Treatment Key || Tomato 1 Celery p Tomato 2 a) Explain why nitrogen is important for plant growth in agricultural crops. [2 marks] b) Analyse the data to identify the relationship between the type of fertiliser applied and celery yield. [1 mark] c) Decide which fertiliser tomato farmers should use to optimise production in this cropping system. Justify your decision with two pieces of evidence and give a reason this type of fertiliser would be expected to improve the yield of a tomato crop. [4 marks]
QUESTION 28 (6 marks) A dairy farm in the tick-free zone of Queensland has been quarantined due to a cattle tick infestation. The producer is required to treat their animals over a two-year period to eradicate the infestation and then continue to treat their animals to prevent re-infestation. Discuss an effective strategy for a two-year period considering the goals and implications of using chemicals in a dairy enterprise.
QUESTION 1 (5 marks) In 2015 and 2016 a number of events affected Australian horticulture industries. ¢ An agreement between South Korea and Australia — the Korea—Australia Free Trade Agreement (K AFTA) — came into effect on 1 January 2015. ¢ The Korea—New Zealand Free Trade Agreement came into effect on 20 December 2015. ¢ Yields of Tasmanian cherries harvested in 2016 were lower than expected. The table shows an excerpt of fresh fruit and vegetable exports from Australia to South Korea from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016. Crop Exports (tonnes) Asparagus 39 87 105 [Asparagus | 39 | 87 | 105 Potatoes 11372 | 24269 | 20634 a) Draw aconclusion about the benefits of the KAFTA for Australian horticulture industries. Justify your response. [2 marks] b) Explain how these events account for the changes in cherry exports from 2014 to 2016. [3 marks]
QUESTION 2 (4 marks) Family farms are one type of agricultural enterprise. Identify another type of agricultural enterprise and use an example to explain two of the enterprise’s features.
QUESTION 3 (3 marks) Explain the role of a beneficial organism in a plant production system. Use two examples in your response.
QUESTION 4 (4 marks) The table shows the effect of increasing foliar application of magnesium on the average number and weight of chilli fruits at harvest. Uncertainties indicate 95% confidence intervals. Number of fruits | Fresh weight of fruits (g) 7.0 +0.1 139.0 + 1.0 50 ppm 17.0 + 0.6 226.0 + 1.2 100 ppm 18.3412 260.0 + 1.2 150 ppm 21.0 + 1.2 274.0 + 1.2 Use the data to discuss how foliar application of magnesium affects the yield of chilli plants.
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) The graphs show generalised growth trends for animals’ weight and percentage composition. Time Percentage Time Use the graphs to draw a conclusion about why animals are suitable for different markets at different ages. Justify your conclusion with three pieces of evidence.
QUESTION 6 (7 marks) The table contains information about the market share (% volume) and value for different egg production systems in the 2018 financial year. System Market volume | Market value | Eggs produced Change (%) (%) (x 1000) in market volume from 2017 (“%) Cage eggs 43.99 30.68 101 038 Free-range eggs 45.38 56.36 104211 13.80 a) Determine which egg production system would have the highest value per egg in the marketplace. Justify your answer using two pieces of evidence. [3 marks] b) Infer reasons for two trends in the change of egg production systems. [4 marks]
QUESTION 7 (5 marks) A beef producer in southern Queensland wants to take advantage of an unseasonal late-winter rainfall of 110 mm and plant a summer forage crop. The beef producer is unsure if the crop will be grazed off or mechanically removed as hay or bale-wrapped silage. This decision will depend on future growing conditions. The table shows the mean rainfall usually experienced in the region. The information in the graphs describes the characteristics of three different varieties of forage sorghum suitable for the region. Fn ee Nov [ De Mean rainfall 129.8 | 144.0 | 104.7 | 43.0 | 45.3 26.8 | 24.2 | 49.5 104.3 (mm) Key Rating: | | Sorghum A sl. 1 = poor 7 Sorghum B Hayman SZ 9 = excellent Sorghum C yy EC—C—“‘($NCOUC 9 8 Late summer/ 3 a Beef grazing 2 carryover feed 2 Wd Lu a) ee 3 7 9 Sheep grazing 4 Round bale silage 6 4 6 Determine the best variety of forage sorghum for this producer to plant. Justify your decision with four pieces of evidence from the data.
QUESTION 8 (3 marks) Explain the term cultural practice. Give two examples of cultural practices used in a plant production system.
QUESTION 9 (5 marks) Several key management issues can affect sustainable agricultural production. a) Identify a management issue shown in the image. Explain two processes that may have contributed to the issue identified in Question 9a). /2 marks] Propose two solutions for the issue identified in Question 9a). [2 marks]
QUESTION 10 (15 marks) Case study A pastoral company is a 9000-ha sheep and cattle production system situated in southern Queensland in the wheat-—sheep belt. It runs 26 000 merino sheep and 800 breeding cows. The land is predominantly native pastures and shrubs on sandy to loamy topsoils with low fertility and poor water holding capacity. The annual average rainfall is 600 mm. A creek runs through the property and there are several permanent waterholes. There are some patches of soil erosion along the creek where livestock access the creek for drinking water. The company is working to become carbon-neutral in support of the red meat industry goal of carbon neutrality by 2030. Carbon emission reduction strategies being used on the property include: * genetics — using composite sires and breeding for early finishing in lambs ¢ lot feeding — reaching market compliance faster by moving to a feedlot situation for finishing ¢ productivity — using a combination of genetics and livestock management to increase wool production from 440 tonnes in 2018 to 800 tonnes in 2024 vegetation and land management — using 20% of the land area for conservation and biodiversity. Most of this vegetation is contained to wildlife corridors 30 to 50 m wide. Larger paddocks have been cut up into smaller paddocks surrounded by shelterbelts. Creeks have all been fenced off and all paddocks now have permanent water sources supplied by a combination of bore and dam water. The company has an issue with flystrike in its sheep. Approximately 3% of the flock is affected annually which is higher than the industry average of 1.5 to 2%. Stock is only purchased from known producers and health declarations are essential for any incoming stock. The company keeps new animals in its quarantine paddock for a minimum of 10 days before they are introduced to new pastures flocks and herds. Currently there is little control of run-off from the feedlot. Although the feedlot is scraped and the top layer of waste is removed this does not often happen within the industry standard of every 13 weeks. Run-off is stockpiled on the farm and sometimes becomes odorous. The manager has reported that manure waste often ends up in the creek after storms. Refer to the case study. Use three environmental management criteria to assess sustainable practices in the production system. For each criterion analyse and justify three strengths and/or weaknesses. Draw a justified conclusion about the sustainability of the production system.
QUESTION 1 The diagram shows the life cycle of the barber’s pole worm in sheep. A strategy to break the life cycle of a worm-infected paddock is to rotate sheep with horses. Adult worms lay If weather is suitable eggs that pass onto | | | larvae hatch pasture in dung | Larvae migrate from dung to pasture C@ S Larvae develop into adults MM Z ZG in about three weeks a ahs =—_~ Infective larvae are eaten by sheep Ma_ How many weeks between sheep rotations would be the most suitable? (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four
QUESTION 2 Fluctuation in the diameter of wool fibres of a purebred merino flock over a calendar year is mainly due to (A) genetic variation among sheep. (B) changes in the taste of leaf material. (C) changes in temperature across the year. (D) variation in the quality of available pasture.
QUESTION 3 The table shows a planting strategy for a producer planning to use the cotton variety Bollgard 3 which carries the Bt insecticidal protein. It includes refuge areas planted with non-Bt cotton and pigeon pea. Spraying of cotton is performed before bolling begins to ensure a threshold population is not reached and reduce the incidence of resistant moths. Cotton Irrigated sprayed Refuge cotton Irrigated unsprayed Pigeon pea Irrigated unsprayed What is the primary reason for this planting strategy in terms of integrated pest management? (A) Either refuge crop allows breeding of non-resistant bollworm moths to dilute genetic resistance. (B) Either refuge crop will attract most of the bollworm moths away from most of the cotton. (C) Pigeon pea is planted to provide a refuge for predatory insects of the bollworm moth. (D) Pigeon pea is planted to improve the nutrient profile of the soil.
QUESTION 5 Determine the total variable expenses in the table. (A) $93 152 (B) $103 152 (C) $107941 (D) $136028 QUESTIONS 4-5 These questions refer to the data in the table which shows selected expenses for a merino enterprise. Expenses $ Depreciation 32 876 Seed 9456 Fertiliser 23 657 Harvesting 14690 Rates 4789 Mustering 10 000 Vaccines 17 800 Shearing 27549 Loan repayments 36 155 Total farm expenses 176972
QUESTION 6 The table shows estimated breeding values for live weight gain and reproductive characteristics for a sample of bulls. Identify which bull a producer should buy to sell two-year-old steers earlier at the minimum market live weight and improve female fertility. | Bull | 400-day weight 600-day weight Scrotal size Days to calving (A) +46 +57
QUESTION 7 The first stage of fat digestion (excluding volatile fatty acids) in mature cattle occurs in the (A) small intestine. (B) abomasum. (C) omasum. (D) rumen.
QUESTION 8 An increase in the price of red meat in Queensland domestic markets will occur after (A) a12-month period of continuous negative southern oscillation values. (B) an increase in customer demand for alternative vegan products. (C) adecrease in the quota allowed for live export of cattle. (D) above average rainfall totals across production areas.
QUESTION 9 The graph shows a change in the supply and demand of apples. Price Quantity Which statement best describes the change in the supply (S) demand (D) and price of apples? (A) (B) (C) (D) A marketing campaign increased the demand for apples. Production losses in the major growing areas decreased supply. Increasing production costs reduced the supply for a given price. New technology reduced the cost for farmers and increased supply.
QUESTION 10 Select the combination of processes that best describes the role of microscopic organisms in the rumen. Process 1 Process 2 “ Absorption of nitrogen Absorption of carbohydrates Conversion of carbohydrates to volatile Conversion of nitrogen to microbial protein fatty acids Degradation of protein to amino acids Conversion of carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids Conversion of nitrogen to microbial protein Absorption of carbohydrates
QUESTION 11 The diagram shows the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen gas (N>) in atmosphere Animal protein Plant protein Lightning Ammonia (NH) Nitrate (NO3) in soil in soil The organisms responsible for the process occurring at point I in the diagram are (A) nitrifying bacteria. (B) denitrifying bacteria. (C) decomposing bacteria. (D) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
QUESTION 12 A beef producer expanded their business by constructing a feedlot on their breeding property. What element of standard operating procedures for cattle in Queensland must now be a higher priority for intensive animal production? (A) yard flooring (B) humane killing (C) water requirements (D) transport and travel distance
QUESTION 13 What function does abscisic acid perform in plants? (A) inhibiting growth (B) stimulating root growth (C) decreasing internodal length (D) increasing rate of ripening fruit
QUESTION 14 Protein functions in ruminant animals include (A) increasing marbling in meat and providing energy for muscle development. (B) enabling chemical reactions and production of genetic material. (C) improving water retention and increasing faecal output. (D) improving energy output in cells and urinary function.
QUESTION 15 A characteristic of an unsustainable biological control method is (A) anarrow host range for the biological control organism. (B) an increase in the population of the competing species. (C) the disappearance of the biological control organism. (D) areduction in the population of the targeted pest.
QUESTION 16 The graphs show the volume of exports and domestic consumption for total agricultural production along with two agricultural industries. The table shows the value of production for these two industries. Wheat Fruit and nuts Total agricultural production Key | | exports Agricultural industry Wheat Fruit and nuts domestic consumption Value of production (“%) 8 8 In negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement between Australia and Indonesia why would Australia insist on including wheat rather than fruit and nuts? (A) (B) (C) (D) Wheat production is much greater than fruit and nut production. Australia has a larger export market for wheat compared to fruit and nuts. Larger areas of regional Australia are planted with wheat than fruit and nuts. Domestic demand for fruit and nuts makes their export less attractive compared to wheat.
QUESTION 17 An experiment tested the effect of a hormone applied to dwarf peas at three different concentrations. 34 Mean plant height at 21 days (cm + SE) 1 2 3 - Hormone concentration group After 21 days on average plants in (A) group | grew less than group 2. (B) group 4 grew less than group 3. (C) group 3 grew more than group 1. (D) group 4 grew more than group 1.
QUESTION 18 Controlled traffic as a land management practice in agricultural production is used to (A) reduce soil compaction. (B) improve the soil microbiology. (C) increase organic matter in the soil by retaining stubble. (D) incorporate matching land capabilities for long-term sustainability.
QUESTION 19 What most effectively reduces turbidity levels in creeks located in extensive cattle operations? (A) building weirs or dams (B) erecting stock fences around the creek (C) reducing fertiliser run-off from paddocks (D) implementing a rotational grazing strategy
QUESTION 20 The table shows the gross margin for a dairy enterprise that runs 300 cows on 120 hectares. Gross income $890 000 Variable cost $650 000 Gross margin $240 000 Identify the change of input that would cause the greatest effect on gross margin for the enterprise. (A) fertiliser costs increasing from $120/ha to $165/ha (B) animal health costs increasing from $60/cow to $85/cow (C) fixed cost of labour increasing from $120 000 to $130 000 (D) council rates increasing from $45 000 per year to $65 000 per year
QUESTION 21 (4 marks) The graph shows the relationship between the mean wheat yield and the crop rotation system used. 3600 3000 2400 1800 Mean wheat yield (kg/ha) 600 - 0 | | —_— 3510 3347 | 3166 | 2566 2950 | 2658 1200 _ CW CW WWWW W LW CWWW Crop rotation M | 3422-—_ W : CM W Key W=wheat C=canola L = lupin M = medic Note: Canola has a deeper tap root system than medic species. Draw a conclusion about which crop rotation will allow the greatest opportunity for sustainable plant production. Justify your conclusion using evidence and explain two benefits of this crop rotation system.
QUESTION 22 (7 marks) a) Identify two differences between the quality of feedlot rations and green fodder crops. [2 marks] A producer has recently weaned first-cross lambs that currently have a mean weight of 32 kg. The Meat Standards Australia requirements for selling lamb and feed options for these lambs are shown in the tables. Dressing percentage (lambs) Uneaned (6) Weaned (6) Lamb finishing system First-cross weight gain (g/head/day) Feedlot rations b) Determine the optimal feeding system to use if the weaned lambs are to go to market in 60 days with a fat score of 3 and a maximum carcass weight of 20 kg. Show your reasoning. [5 marks]
QUESTION 23 (2 marks) Explain the process of tissue culture and its use in agricultural production.
QUESTION 24 (5 marks) The graph shows changes in the body composition of two steers of different breeds A and B at different times during their development. a) b) 500 ' ' \ ‘ ' ' Key 450 : : : : : 3 — Steer A muscle 400 ---- Steer A fat 350 —-- Steer B muscle eH ~ 300 Steer B fat a S250 3 oO D 200 io 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Age (years) Determine which steer matures earlier. Justify your decision. [2 marks] Discuss the implications of using an early maturing breed in terms of accessibility to different markets. In your response propose a solution for producers that allows them to meet different market requirements. [3 marks]
QUESTION 25 (3 marks) Identify two features of an online auction in the context of an agricultural industry.
QUESTION 1 (4 marks) White spot disease (WSD) is caused by a highly contagious viral infection that affects crustaceans such as prawns lobsters and crabs. The virus that causes WSD poses no risk to food safety or human health but when found in high production areas like prawn farms it causes rapid animal death. WSD is spread by the movement of infected animals or contaminated water. Birds that feed on infected animals and move to another location can readily spread the disease. Fin fish do not carry the disease and are not affected by it. WSD was first identified in prawn farms and following a 4-year extensive eradication and monitoring program was no longer detected in the local environment. Explain two strategies that could be implemented to reduce the incidence of WSD if it is detected again.
QUESTION 2 (4 marks) a) Explain why beef producers choose to use hormone growth promotants (HGPs). [2 marks] The graph shows the effects of HGPs on three aspects of meat quality in cattle. 70 Key |_|] Not HGP treated Mi HGP treated Mean score Tenderness Juiciness Flavour b) Draw a conclusion about the overall effect of HGPs on meat quality. Justify your conclusion using evidence from the graph. [2 marks]
QUESTION 3 (4 marks) The graph shows the yield of five wheat varieties grown under differing levels of salinity. Bars represent 3-year mean grain yield values along with standard error. a) b) Yield (kg/ha) Key |_] slightly saline Wheat variety moderately saline WH strongly saline Contrast the levels of uncertainty in the data collected from moderately and strongly saline soils. Show your reasoning using evidence from the graph. Infer whether variety | is the best option to plant in strongly saline soils. Justify your answer using evidence from the graph. [2 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 4 (5 marks) The graph shows the effect of different preservative treatments on the shelf life of radish. 10 9 Treatment A | Control 8 Treatment B | 0.6% calcium nitrate 7 > Treatment C | 0.6% humic acid > 6 3 2 5 Treatment D | 0.6% calcium nitrate 2p and 0.6% humic acid 5 4 n 3 2 1 0 A B C D Treatment a) Identify differences between each of the treatments used. [3 marks] b) Identify a negative effect of using preservatives on radish crops and explain the potential effect on consumer satisfaction. [2 marks]
QUESTION 5 (3 marks) Some egg producers use battery or caged chickens to produce eggs. a) Identify an ethical issue with this type of production. b) Identify a welfare issue with this type of production. c) Explain the difference between ethical and welfare issues. [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]
QUESTION 6 (4 marks) Explain two ways a natural resource is influenced by land clearing.
QUESTION 7 (7 marks) African swine fever (ASF) has had an impact on animal production in countries where it is prevalent. In 2019 10% of the total pig population in China an estimated 44 million pigs died of ASF. The first graph shows pork consumption per person in various countries and the second graph shows current and projected levels of pork consumption per person compared to other animal protein sources in China. Consumption per person (kg) World China China average (mainland) (Hong Kong) 120 F) 3 ‘e 100 a oy au 2 80 (a0) & = 60 of a roy = 40 a 5 he 20 (qe) cD) => (0) 2015 2020 2025 Year Key oq Lamb |_| Beef BE Poultry Fish |_| Pork a) Draw conclusions about the effect of ASF on protein availability in China. Justify your conclusions. b) Discuss three impacts that ASF would have on the pig industry in Australia if it was identified in local piggeries.
QUESTION 8 (3 marks) A plant trial was conducted to assess the effect of different amounts of fertiliser on the mean weight of corn produced. 20009 1800 —— | > A 1600 Ho frerrrrrsercnrseccenefeccenseecnnseesnnseretbessenesl Locconserbosseeend esccnnsbeconsscsennsescnnsscen SH 1400} ——} pp E 1200 | g — 1000} }——_ fF YF = 800 | ONT PT) OO) = 6003 f—}—} FF OY E 400}—} |} —}—} 4 Ot 200 SS 2s Ss os SS Amount of fertiliser (g/pot) Identify the relationships shown between the amount of fertiliser and mean weight of corn produced.
QUESTION 9 (17 marks) An extensive cattle grazing property in northern Queensland focuses on breeding and backgrounding Brahman and Brahman cross animals for domestic and live export markets. Breeder numbers have declined in recent years due to drought. The property is 45 000 hectares and has an average annual rainfall of 495 mm. The current workforce consists of a property manager a head stockperson and eight recent school leavers working as jackaroos and jillaroos. Contract helicopter pilots are employed twice a year to help with mustering. An anticipated risk to this Australian agricultural enterprise 1s drought. Identify one other anticipated risk. For each risk use the PPRR (Prevention Preparedness Response Recovery) model to describe a risk management strategy for each element of the model. Justify the risk management strategy for each element.
QUESTION 10 (17 marks) A citrus orchard in Queensland grows Imperial mandarins for the domestic market and Honey Murcott mandarins for the export market. They also have a small number of other citrus trees and sell the fruit through a driveway stall and the local supermarket. The property occupies an undulating sloped area of 100 hectares and has an average annual rainfall of 870 mm. Less than half of the property is currently used for producing citrus and the remainder is unused including some river flats and hillier country. Citrus production on this property has been affected by an outbreak of citrus canker in the past. The orchard’s workforce comprises two owners who live and work full-time at the property and one full-time employee. They require additional seasonal labour to assist at harvest times. An anticipated risk to this Australian agricultural enterprise is cyclones. Identify one other anticipated risk. For each risk use the PPRR (Prevention Preparedness Response Recovery) model to describe a risk management strategy for each element of the model. Justify the risk management strategy for each element.
QUESTION 1 A farmer has purchased a neglected overgrown orchard. Which option would be the initial strategy to use in an IPM strategy? (A) chemical control of pests and diseases (B) biological control using predators (C) physical removal of vegetation (D) physical traps for insects
QUESTION 2 Identify where most fat digestion occurs in monogastric animals. (A) (B) (C) (D) liver mouth stomach small intestine
QUESTION 3 The table identifies the functions of different plant hormones. Function Hormone Ethylene | Gibberellin | Abscisic acid Cumin Gowwnawiy |v |e x ovene [wv x x1 < v Seed dormancy Identify which hormone contributes primarily to reproductive stage development in plants. (A) auxin (B) ethylene (C) gibberellin (D) abscisic acid
QUESTION 4 The graph shows the population data for edible marine species found in a native fishery. 50 40 = Species P Dm — v Danieteneieltineielieeciadiimanedeieaiadaaaiinieaimmneamanta ai ait “nada” aa 5 30 —_ ° _-’ Species Q ‘S -Species R < 20 a a 10 LL a a Species S TS PAPE SS SSE SKELASSS BD? OD? DE QD QW” WW” 7 WN SS SS SHPO HH a HW’ Which species would be most suitable for establishing a sustainable agricultural enterprise? (A) Species P (B) Species Q (C) Species R (D) Species S
QUESTION 5 Which ration would best suit the general nutritional requirements of an egg-laying chicken? Minimum protein (%) Minimum calcium (“%) Maximum crude fibre (“%) (A) | 19.5 1.0 6.0 (B) | 15.5 3.5 10.0 (Cc) | 15.5 1.0 11.5 D
QUESTION 6 Australian horticultural industries were impacted by two free trade agreements that came into effect on 1 January 2019. The table shows data for fresh horticultural exports from Australia to another country under these agreements between | January 2018 and 31 December 2020. Export (t) Asparagus 9] 118 Avocados 2601 1575 Cherries 278 Potatoes 12391 | 23174 | 20165 Identify which crop had the best outcome from the agreements. (A) asparagus (B) avocados (C) cherries (D) potatoes
QUESTION 8 Deformed bones were observed in an animal herd. This condition is most likely caused by a deficiency in (A) iron. (B) calcium. (C) nitrogen. (D) phosphorus.
QUESTION 10 The table shows yield and variable costs associated with different methods of cotton production. Income is $680 per bale for lint and seed. Which method would provide the highest gross margin per hectare? Production system | Yield (bales/ha) | Variable costs ($/ha) (A) Irrigated 12.0 3982 (B) Irrigated 12.0 4088 Dryland 4 1424 C) 0 (D) | Dryland 3.5 1290
QUESTION 11 Identify which factors affect decisions made about property management. (A) food security market suitability (B) location to markets food quality (C) financial considerations human resources (D) environmental factors population distribution
QUESTION 12 The graph shows the soil erosion potential for different agricultural land uses. 100 90 80 | Key [_] Bare soil Continuous grazing and tree clearing WH Continuous grazing and regrowth control Pasture spelling and continuous tree clearing Pasture spelling and regrowth control Soil erosion potential (%) Land use What would be the reduction in the percentage of soil erosion if pastures were spelled with control of regrowth compared to continuous grazing and tree clearing? (A) 18% (B) 28% (C) 68% (D) 83%
QUESTION 13 Two farms implemented different strategies for managing drought. Retained breeding stock Sold all steers and culled animals based on age Implemented supplementary feeding Used paddock rotation Monitored ground cover Maintained appropriate stocking rates Which steps in the PPRR management model were demonstrated by both farms? (A) prevention response recovery (B) preparedness response recovery (C) prevention preparedness recovery (D) prevention preparedness response
QUESTION 14 Australian agricultural products are often referred to as ‘clean and green’ because (A) produce is grown through conventional methods and sold directly to consumers. (B) sustainable methods are used to produce food with quality assurance programs. (C) the food produced is considered safe and farming systems maintain soil health. (D) there is limited use of chemicals and genetic breeding is used to control pests.
QUESTION 15 The table shows an excerpt of income and variable costs from a maize enterprise. Budget ($/ha) Income Fertiliser & application Herbicide & application Insecticide & application Crop levies and insurance Calculate the gross margin per hectare for the enterprise. (A) $367 (B) $415 (C) $563 (D) $1493
QUESTION 16 Which management strategy would control pests and diseases in an extensive animal industry? (A) (B) (C) (D) visual inspections of poultry sheds removing animal waste from a cattle feedlot selection of short-coated cattle for animal production maintenance of pastures in free-range egg production
QUESTION 17 The diagram represents a ruminant stomach. Not to scale The main nutritional contribution of the microbes found in X is (A) vitamin C synthesis. (B) cellulose breakdown to volatile fatty acids. (C) increased absorption of potassium and phosphorus. (D) methane production from carbohydrate breakdown.
QUESTION 18 Minimum tillage practices can (A) (B) (C) (D) speed up water loss from the soil profile. increase the rate of carbon loss from the soil. reduce disease and populations of soil-borne pests. improve infiltration of water through the soil profile.
QUESTION 19 A cash flow statement for a farm was recorded for a three-month period. July 15 600 8231 August 3000 4122 [I September 13 432 1000 ee Calculate the September balance. (A) $1000 (B) $6185 (C) $13 616 (D) $18679
QUESTION 20 Consumer demand has resulted in the availability of more pain relief strategies for animal husbandry procedures. The graph shows the effect of different types of pain relief on the average growth rate of calves in the first month after castration. The graph includes standard error bars. Topical 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Growth rate (kg/day) Types of pain relief Which two types of pain relief show statistically similar mean values for growth rate? (A) control and topical (B) injectable and topical (C) topical and combination of injectable and topical (D) injectable and combination of injectable and topical
QUESTION 21 (4 marks) Explain the post-harvest processes involved in getting a horticultural plant product of your choice from the farm to the shop.
QUESTION 23 (8 marks) The Varroa mite is a honeybee parasite that has a major impact on overseas honey and related enterprises killing large populations of bees and weakening colonies. If uncontrolled Varroa mite infestation in honeybee colonies severely impacts honey production but can also affect a wide range of pollination-reliant crops. a) b) Cc) d) Identify two management strategies that beekeepers or biosecurity officers could implement to restrict the movement of Varroa mite outside of an infested area. [2 marks] Identify another pest associated with an agricultural animal of regional importance and explain its effect on this animal. [2 marks] Describe two stages of the life cycle of the pest from Question 23b). [2 marks] Identify the point in the life cycle of the pest from Question 23b) where it is most vulnerable and explain why. [2 marks]
QUESTION 24 (3 marks) Explain how sowing rates and plant spacings differ between dryland and irrigated environmental conditions for a broadacre crop of your choice.
QUESTION 25 (4 marks) The graphs show the change in retail value for organic production in Australia and the energy profiles (proportion of energy per activity) for organic farming compared to conventional farming. 1200 1000 E 800 oO =) 3s 600 > ‘3 o 400 [a 200 ° 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 Year Organic farming Conventional farming Key |] Soil fertility Herbicide Wi Labour Fuel Equipment [_] Transportation Seed Draw two conclusions about the social sustainability of organic farming enterprises in Australia using the criteria of income and employment. Justify each conclusion using evidence from the graphs.
QUESTION 26 (3 marks) An experiment was conducted to assess the effect food additives had on weight gain in layer chickens. The graph shows the feed conversion ratios for layer chickens fed two different additives compared to a commercial ration (the control). 125+ |} | Ee C 0.75 Feed conversion ratio 0.50 0.25 _ ontrol Additive A Additive B Draw a conclusion about which feed type provides the optimal feed conversion for layer chickens. Use two pieces of evidence from the graph to support your conclusion.
QUESTION 27 (3 marks) Aphids are a common pest in cereal crops. The table identifies different control methods. Control method Monitoring aphid population Crop rotation Preserving predators e.g. ladybirds Introducing enemies e.g. parasitic wasps Use of insecticides Use of seed dressings a) Identify which control methods are biological controls. [1 mark] b) Explain two advantages of using biological controls. [2 marks]
QUESTION 1 (2 marks) Explain a risk avoidance strategy for a lamb producer to minimise the effect of drought on farm income.
QUESTION 2 (5 marks) An agricultural class entered two animals into a carcass competition at a local agricultural show. The tables show the carcass characteristics for both animals a price grid and price penalties/premiums for the domestic market. avid AB Carcass weight (HSCW) (kg) Sex Female Male Condition score A A HSCW (kg) | Price (c/kg) 6 6 [b [Seketes thn Condition score D 50c/kg less than price grid 80c/kg less than price grid MSA premium 25c/kg more than price grid Determine which animal is worth more on the domestic market. Show working to justify your decision.
QUESTION 3 (3 marks) Explain one positive and one negative consequence of genetic modification for a plant of your choice.
QUESTION 6 (3 marks) a) Identify an asexual plant propagation method. [1 mark] b) Describe the method identified in Question 6a) using an agricultural example. [2 marks]
QUESTION 7 (5 marks) An agricultural business owns and operates a portfolio of properties feedlots and farms in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Each property is part of the business’s supply chain for breeding growing and finishing cattle and growing grains and fodder crops to support cattle production. Directors of this business are accountable for contributing to the success of the organisation. The business is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Determine the ownership structure of the business. Justify your conclusion by identifying two characteristics of this ownership structure and use evidence to support your response.
QUESTION 10 (4 marks) Mad cow disease (BSE) is an exotic disease to Australia. It is spread by cattle eating animal products containing the disease and originated through cattle being supplemented with protein from meat and bonemeal. In 1996 BSE was identified as potentially passing from animals to humans in Great Britain. The graph shows beef exports from Great Britain from 1993 to 2001. 400 350 ‘sol 250 200 150 100 0 Ld [| [| [| [ 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year Mass (x 1000 tonnes) a) Determine how introducing BSE to Australia could affect a cattle production system. [2 marks] b) Identify two strategies Australia currently uses that reduce the risk or effect of BSE being introduced. [2 marks]
QUESTION 11 (18 marks) An 8000-hectare cropping/grazing property in Central Queensland runs 400 breeding cows on improved pastures (mostly buffel grass) and includes a feedlot to finish the steer offspring. It also grows irrigated crops including cotton in summer and wheat barley and chickpeas as crop rotations in winter. The cotton used is a variety genetically modified to make it resistant to a common herbicide and contains a gene that codes for the production of Bt toxin. The toxin causes the caterpillar pest Helicoverpa sp to die when it consumes the cotton leaves. Water for irrigation comes from the Nogoa River which runs through the property. Water is supplied to the Nogoa River from the Fairbairn Dam as per the irrigation licence for the enterprise. Water is then recycled through a catchment system and reused on property using water storage. Irrigation timing 1s based on visual appraisal of the crop. The cattle are Santa Gertrudis made up of 5/8 Bos Taurus and 3/8 Bos Indicus. The steers produced are finished on the property with the feedlot located uphill from the river. Waste is removed from the feedlot and stockpiled nearby and this sometimes flows into the river during heavy storms. The cattle are grazed using a rotational grazing system with smaller paddocks. Half of the paddocks have a permanent water supply through troughs linked to a pump in the river. The paddocks that are located near the river use it as a water source for the cattle. Irrigation Water Irrigation channel catchment channel Cropping area Cropping area Manure Feedlot Cattle Permanent waste paddocks water source River Not to scale Use three environmental management criteria to assess sustainable practices in the production system. For each criterion identify three strengths or weaknesses. Draw a justified conclusion about the environmental sustainability of the production system. Explain two management practices that would improve aspects of this enterprise’s environmental sustainability.
QUESTION 2 Which of the following is a major function of rumen bacteria in animal nutrition? (A) (B) (C) (D) secreting enzymes to assist in the breakdown of carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids secreting enzymes to assist in the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol synthesising carbohydrates to simple sugars synthesising vitamin D
QUESTION 3 Which pathway represents the metabolism of energy in animals? (A) gross energy — digestible energy — net energy — metabolisable energy — maintenance and production energy (B) gross energy — digestible energy — metabolisable energy — net energy — maintenance and production energy (C) gross energy — digestible energy — maintenance and production energy — metabolisable energy — net energy (D) gross energy — metabolisable energy — digestible energy — ammonia — maintenance and production energy — net energy
QUESTION 4 Four steers were weighed to calculate their feed conversion ratios (FCR) as shown in the table below. Animal I Il IV 5.6: | From the data in the table which two animals would be the costliest to finish for optimum condition if all four animals were introduced to a feedlot finishing ration? (A) Animal I and Animal III (B) Animal I and Animal IV (C) Animal II and Animal III (D) Animal II and Animal IV
QUESTION 5 The figure below shows the differently sized seeds of various agricultural crops pastures and weeds. The diagrams are drawn to scale. From the information in the figure which of the following seeds is most likely to successfully establish if planted deeper in the soil? (A) giant foxtail (B) soybeans (C) wheat (D) corn
QUESTION 6 The nutrient that legumes least require at planting compared to other agricultural crops 1s (A) phosphorus. (B) potassium. (C) nitrogen. (D) calcium.
QUESTION 7 The figure below shows the results of a trial conducted on cotton seedlings to investigate the effect on internodal length of applying an unknown hormone to the seedlings. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 — Hormone --- Control aa a oe = - - Thad - Internodal length (mm) =o - -=—-—= te _ ad - = - _ - — 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) Analyse the results in the figure to determine the phase of the trial where the seedlings showed the greatest percentage response to the hormone application. (A) days 0 to 5 (B) days 5 to 10 (C) days 10 to 15 (D) days 15 to 20
QUESTION 8 The graph below shows the relationship between live weight and age for four different animals. — Animal I Live ---- Animal II weight aaessescuee Animal III —:—-: Animal IV Age Which animal illustrates the typical growth curve of an animal over its life up to slaughter? (A) Animal I (B) Animal II (C) Animal II (D) Animal IV
QUESTION 9 Some of the market specifications for an animal carcass set by industry bodies (e.g. Meat Standards Australia) include (A) (B) (C) (D) rib fat external parasite count sex carcass weight pH meat colour tropical breed content hormone growth promotants. carcass weight pH meat colour marbling sex rib fat tropical breed content hormone growth promotants. pH meat colour marbling sex tropical breed content rib fat carcass weight marbling hide colour. meat colour marbling rib fat carcass weight pH sex polledness hormone growth promotants.
QUESTION 10 The figure below shows the target market specifications for cattle carcasses. Long Fed 400 Short-Mid Fed 300 Carcass weight k (kg) 200 100 Fat score P8 fat depth mm 1-2 3-6 7-12 13-22 23-32 The table below shows the carcass weight fat score and fat depth for four different animals. From the information in the figure and table which animal/s would most likely meet MSA market requirements? (A) Animal I (B) Animal I and Animal III (C) Animal II and Animal III (D) Animal IV
QUESTION 11 Which of the following is an example of a marketing technique for an agricultural product? (A) quality assurance (B) value-adding (C) auctioning (D) _ bartering
QUESTION 12 The most effective method of comparing the profitability of an alternative enterprise to an existing one is a (A) _ partial budget. (B) cash flow budget. (C) whole-farm budget. (D) gross margin budget.
QUESTION 13 A producer is most likely to change from a regular production system to a certified organic system because of their need to (A) respond to a change in consumer demands. (B) maximise output while minimising input. (C) increase crop yields. (D) reduce labour costs.
QUESTION 14 Paddock rotation is a system of (A) | planting agricultural crops in alternating strips to minimise water erosion on steeper slopes. (B) growing different crops on the same paddock from one year to the next. (C) alternating the use of paddocks to allow for a rest period. (D) breaking up paddocks to maximise feed utilisation.
QUESTION 15 In terms of plant production “biological control’ means pest and disease control methods (A) that use chemicals. (B) _ that introduce a natural enemy or predator. (C) where the pest is attacked and/or destroyed. (D) that use a combination of synthetic techniques.
QUESTION 16 The labels below provide information about Products A and B. Product A Product B For active immunisation against pulpy kidney For active immunisation against pulpy kidney black disease tetanus blackleg vibriosis and lamb dysentery tetanus and vibriosis in pigs. malignant oedema in sheep goats and cattle. For active immunisation against pulpy kidney For active immunisation against tetanus and haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia malignant oedema haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia in horses. blackleg black disease redwater and tetanus in ruminant animals. Compare the information about diseases controlled by Product A and Product B. A disease that is covered by both products for ruminants is (A) haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia. (B) malignant oedema. (C) dysentery. (D) vibriosis.
QUESTION 17 An exotic disease is (A) an organism that injures irritates or damages livestock livestock products or plant products and that can adversely affect production. (B) adisorder of structure or function in an animal or plant that is not simply a direct result of physical injury. (C) ananimal disorder that by law must be reported to government authorities. (D) an infectious disease that normally does not occur in the region.
QUESTION 18 The term animal welfare considers the (A) physical and psychological wellbeing of animals. (B) husbandry practices that maximise animal production. (C) study of non-human relations including animal rights and animal psychological welfare. (D) process of an animal increasing in size and weight with the assistance of management decisions.
QUESTION 19 The figure below shows crop tolerance to soil salinity. 100 CI | 4 80 TT NIT r SS z | | | 2 60 aa - —_. Yields unacceptable-— = | for most crops S | Poo ) | |_| 2 40 | FE Ai | | | | QT NEE ARKH FH HH] eB) 6 Foo | 20 Ss ee Se A Oe ee so ee | im Moderately \ Moderately ~ bp NG Sensitive sensitive tolerant Tolerant 0 | | 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Electrical conductivity (dS/m) For which of the following ranges of soil salinity would an agricultural crop classified as tolerant record a relative crop yield of 80%? (A) 24.0-32.0 dS/m (B) 2.5-14.5 dS/m (C) 9.5-14.5 dS/m (D) 5.5-9.5 dS/m
QUESTION 20 Which of the following is an example of a risk avoidance strategy for an agricultural producer? (A) (B) (C) (D) establishing a monoculture farming system increasing the stocking rate on their property maintaining a constant stocking rate throughout the year growing more than one type of agricultural crop at the same time
QUESTION 21 (4 marks) The market share of free-range and barn-laid egg production systems has increased from 2009 to 2018. a) Explain a reason for the increase in the market share of free-range and barn-laid eggs. [2 marks] b) Explain a risk management strategy that a producer of caged eggs could adopt to avoid declining market share. [2 marks]
QUESTION 22 (4 marks) A producer undertook a comparison of gross margins to help them decide between planting dryland sorghum or dryland sunflowers. a) Complete the table below. [2 marks] Dryland sorghum Dryland sunflowers Yield t/ha Income $/t Total income $/ha Variable costs $/ha Sowing 35.15 48.71 Fertiliser and application Herbicide and application Insecticide and application Harvesting Levies and insurance Total variable cost $/ha Gross margin $/ha Note: If you make a mistake in the table cancel it by ruling a single diagonal line through your work and use the additional table on page 13 of this question and response book. b) Which crop should the producer plant? Give a reason for your decision. [2 marks]
QUESTION 23 (4 marks) Explain two strategies that a producer could implement to increase the level of agricultural production on soil with an elevated level of salinity.
QUESTION 24 (3 marks) Identify three components of nutrition that are important to agricultural animals.
QUESTION 25 (3 marks) Define the following plant terms. a) herbicide b) nematicide c) grafting [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]
QUESTION 26 (2 marks) Explain why tissue culture is used in breeding new plant varieties.
QUESTION 27 (2 marks) An animal study fed four groups of birds of the same age the same ration for a period of seven days. The table below shows the birds’ average mass gain and the amount of food consumed for each group. Mass of food eaten (g) / animal Interpret the results to decide which group of birds is genetically superior in terms of production. Explain your decision.
QUESTION 28 (2 marks) Identify where carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood in a) ruminant animals [1 mark] b) monogastric animals. [1 mark]
QUESTION 29 (3 marks) A beef producer in tropical Queensland wishes to implement an integrated management program to control buffalo flies in their herd. Dung beetles reduce buffalo fly populations by removing or spreading dung so flies cannot breed in it. Dung beetles are most active in hot humid weather (i.e. wet season October—March) which coincides with the period when flies are most active. To help increase the dung beetle population farmers must consider using chemicals that are known to have little or no effect on the beetles and avoid using chemicals at peak dung beetle breeding times. Three chemical products available for buffalo fly control are Product A Product B and Product C. Product A Product B Product C Potential activity period of the chemical after a 21 days 14-18 days up to 21 days single treatment Likelihood of resistance in flies to the chemical Likely activity period of the chemical where around 10 days around 7 days 7-10 days there is resistance in flies Use data from the table to decide which product a producer should use at the beginning of the wet season. Give reasons for your decision.
QUESTION 30 (7 marks) The figure below shows the projected human population growth in billions from 2012 to 2050. Asia including KIM SUZ i\e Wels e 7 \ Dee China and India peas <i TSA MIS Sub-Saharan WK Africa oS co Europe Latin America and F272 TIN Caribbean ASS Population in 2012 Canada and USA JN = \\) Population growth from 2012 to 2050 Rest of Africa Oceania 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 Population (billions) Table 1 below shows the expected changes in global consumption of meat products from 2006 to 2050. Table 1 R ane F050 | 8eChan Beef and mutton (kcal/person/day) egion | 2006 | 2050 %o Change 2006 2050 % Change and India feu | ww | os | mw ws |e Table 2 below shows the volume of water in litres required for each crop and animal product to produce a kilogram of product kilocalorie of energy and gram of protein. Table 2 Vests a Use the data to answer the following questions. a) Assess the opportunity for sustainable social practices in beef production systems in Australia using the following criteria. e population distribution e food quality e food security [3 marks] b) Draw aconclusion about the opportunity for sustainable social practices in beef production providing reasons to support your conclusion. [4 marks]
QUESTION 31 (6 marks) Table 1 below shows the carcass results for three animals shown at the Royal National Association Led Steer competition. Table 2 below shows the pricing schedule at the abattoir that the animals were sent to after the competition (grid price $5.90/ kg). Table 1 Hot score carcass weight (HSCW) (kg) ee P8 fat (mm) Eye muscle area (cm’) Table 2 Ac 280.1—300 300.1—320 320.1400 o a a) Determine which animal returned the highest income. Show your working. Animal returning the highest income = Animal b) For each animal discuss the possible characteristics if any that prevented them from achieving the agreed grid price. [3 marks] [3 marks]
QUESTION 1 (3 marks) Nutritional constituents of three commercially prepared poultry rations are shown in the table below. Available phosphorus (%) 0.5 0.5 Contrast the information in the table to justify which ration should be used for 16-week-old egg-laying chickens.
QUESTION 2 (3 marks) Table | lists the nutritional requirements for cattle based on their stage of production. Table 1 Category Life stage Dry matter Non-digestible (life stage) intake fibre (%) Bull calf >12 months old 2.8 Table 2 shows some nutritional analysis of a generic cattle pellet. Table 2 Justify which life-stage categories could be fed the generic pellet.
QUESTION 3 (4 marks) Explain two effects that land clearing has on natural resources.
QUESTION 5 (3 marks) a) Identify a soil management technique. [1 mark] b) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of this technique in terms of sustainable production. [2 marks]
QUESTION 6 (6 marks) An investigation was conducted to test the effect of planting density on the growth of sunflowers. A trial was conducted where five treatments each with three replications were tested: one plant (control) two plants four plants six plants and eight plants per 300 mm pot. Each week the average height for each treatment was calculated and recorded. The results are shown in the table below. Note: The recommended planting rate for sunflowers is equivalent to one plant per pot. Average height (cm) onal) Two plants Four plants Six plants Eight plants a) Determine the average growth rates for the control treatment and sunflowers in the eight-plant treatment from Day 7 to Day 35. (Round your answers to | decimal place.) [2 marks] Average growth rate for control treatment = b) Contrast the data for all treatment groups at Day 7 with Day 35. [2 marks] c) Explain two reasons for why plant density affects plant growth. [2 marks]
QUESTION 7 (4 marks) The table below contains live weight and carcass estimated breeding values (EBV) data for a selection of sires from a British breed catalogue. ef pw | a) Use the data to decide which bull a buyer should purchase if they wish to sell steers to the local domestic market and have been advised to e increase size and growth to 14 months e reduce fatness e maintain or improve muscularity e improve marbling. [1 mark] Bull purchased = b) Justify your decision. [3 marks]
QUESTION 8 (3 marks) The figure below shows the amount of surplus barley that is exported after being used in domestic feed and malting. 9000 8000 } 7000 6000 Export surplus 5000 barley (‘000 tonnes) 4900 3000 2000 ¥ 1000 0 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Year a) Determine to the nearest 10 000 tonnes/year the average annual increase in the mass of barley exported from 2007 to 2013. [1 mark] Average annual increase in barley = tonnes/year b) Use the data to predict approximately how much barley will be exported in 2018. State your answer to the nearest 100 000 tonnes. Show your working. [2 marks] Expected barley exported in 2018 = tonnes
QUESTION 9 (3 marks) Identify three factors that affect animal growth and development.
QUESTION 10 (2 marks) Select a local or regional pest and describe an impact that the pest has on the associated production animal. Selected pest: Impact:
QUESTION 11 (2 marks) Select an animal welfare issue associated with production practices and explain why it is classified as a welfare issue. Animal welfare issue:
QUESTION 12 Refer to Stimulus | in the stimulus book. Question 12 has four parts: a) b) c) and d). You must respond to all four parts. Assess the opportunity that the family has for sustainable practices in their operation. a) Explain three positive practices in their current management. b) Identify two management actions that the manager could take that would improve sustainability. Address water/soil management and weed management. Give reasons to support each action. c) Identify three future risks that the family should manage for their operation to remain sustainable. d) For one of the identified risks explain why it would be considered a risk to the future sustainability of the family’s operation. [9 marks] [6 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks]
QUESTION 13 Refer to Stimulus 2 in the stimulus book. Question 13 has two parts: a) and b). You must respond to both parts. Assess the risk associated with this agricultural enterprise for drought using the PPRR model. a) Make three recommendations for improvements in each of the four areas. [12 marks] b) For each area choose two recommendations and explain how each of these recommendations will lessen the impact of drought. [8 marks]
QUESTION 7 Which strategy would most effectively reduce turbidity in a creek running through an extensive cattle operation? (A) erect stock fences along the creek (B) remove aquatic vegetation from the creek (C) limit the stocking rate of cattle over the operation (D) increase the level of chemical control of weeds along the creek bank
QUESTION 8 (3 marks) The graph shows supply and demand for apricots at the start of the apricot season in southern Queensland. 120 Demand (cases) — om) fo) ioe) on) --— - -- -— = - - -- = = -- --— =- = - = = - -=— - - - =- = =- --— - -- Supply (cases) aN on) Number of cases (’000) o>) =) N a) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 $/case Describe what effect a severe hailstorm in the major growing area for apricots would have on demand for the rest of this season. Show your reasoning.
QUESTION 4 Which expense is a fixed cost? (A) seed (B) shearing (C) harvesting (D) depreciation QUESTIONS 4-5 These questions refer to the data in the table which shows selected expenses for a merino enterprise. Expenses $ Depreciation 32 876 9456 Fertiliser 23 657 Harvesting 14690 4789 Mustering 10 000 Vaccines 17 800 Shearing 27 549 Loan repayments 36 155 Total farm expenses 176972
QUESTION 27 (6 marks) The graphs show the erosion rate of soil on two blocks of land of varying slopes one covered in grass and one covered in trees and shrubs. Grass Measured erosion rate (t/ha/yr) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Slope degree Measured erosion rate (t/ha/yr) Trees and shrubs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 Slope degree a) Identify differences in the erosion rate of soil on the two blocks of land. The graph shows a cross-section of land for an animal production area. b) Slope > 40° G a oe oO an A Using the data from Question 27a) decide whether grass or trees and shrubs would be more suitable for sustainable animal production on sections A and B. Justify your conclusions. 5 [2 marks] [4 marks]
QUESTION 4 (2 marks) Describe the impact that a specific government decision or policy has on an Australian agricultural enterprise.
QUESTION 5 (4 marks) Identify four differences between protein metabolism in ruminant and monogastric animals.
QUESTION 27 (4 marks) A trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of treatments for the Varroa mite in honey bees. Four treatments were used: the control fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and pesticides (Product A and Product B). The table shows the mean values for each treatment. Treatment WPA AIUom CMCC” Mean values for mites Honey of adult bees (“%) remaining in the hive | extracted (kg) — 1552068 | 1934038 5679 859 1.28 + 0.45 0.32 +.0.03 21.14 + 4.79 pO 0.87 40.01 0.02 + 0.01 0.71 +0.10 0.92 + 0.05 0.03 + 0.01 0.81 + 0.15 Use the table to draw a conclusion about the most effective treatment for the control of the Varroa mite in honey bees. Provide three pieces of evidence from the data to support your conclusion.
QUESTION 1 The table below gives pairs of descriptions for intensive and extensive industries. low levels of input/ha high levels of production/ha Il low initial capital costs per unit area IV smaller areas of production larger areas of production Which of the following describes the characteristics for intensive and extensive industries? (A) I Il Hl (B) LILIV (C) LILIV (D) I Ill IV
QUESTION 9 (6 marks) The graph shows the impact of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on wheat yield N losses due to leaching and estimated grain nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 10 60 ? M-- mT M---- LL x Z a 50 = 8 © Q E 40 & = 6 ey = / > 1) ae be) 5 5 Ma 30 Ps 8 4 y Z = 3 a 20 : 24 pt a 0 0 0 48 96 144 192 240 288 N fertiliser applied (kg N/ha/yr) Key —e— NUE --*-- Wheat yield |__] N leached a) Identify the mass of N applied to achieve the highest wheat yield per hectare. [1 mark] b) Describe the trend between the level of N fertiliser applied and NUE. [2 marks] c) Draw aconclusion about the optimal level of N fertiliser for wheat production. Justify your conclusion using two pieces of evidence from the graph. [3 marks]
QUESTION 26 (6 marks) The graph shows the relationship between average annual income and meat consumption in some Asian countries. _ 140 O iv Hong Kong Key 5 150 Population s Macau C) > 1 billion a O S 100 illi = . 50 million— 5 O Mongolia 1 billion a 80 O 0-50 million S (C )South Korea 3 (Vietnam Ch = 60 Myanmar me z ©) y Japan ° 2 40 (Philippines (Turkey ——— 2 Thailand 2 20 Cambodi S @vampodia (Indonesia OAfghanistan < India 1000 10 000 100 000 Income ($) Discuss four opportunities for sustainable social growth in Australian plant and animal protein industries using evidence from the graph. Draw a justified conclusion about the social sustainability of these industries referring to standard of living.
QUESTION 9 The table shows nutrient composition of the feeds available for dairy cattle on a farm. Feed Crude protein | Metabolisable energy | Dry matter See DM) (MJ/kg DM) = eC If a ration consisting of 3 kg silage 5 kg barley and 2 kg N-fertilised turnip leaf was supplied to each animal what would be the total available crude protein and metabolisable energy? Crude protein | Metabolisable energy (g) (MJ) 120
QUESTION 4 (4 marks) The table contains agronomic information for three different varieties of an agricultural crop. spot (disease) (disease) Rust (disease) Yellow leaf Crown rot Acid soils Key Disease resistance Acid soil tolerance S Susceptible T Tolerant MS Moderately susceptible — I Intolerant R Resistant MR Moderately resistant Draw a conclusion about which crop variety should be used in high rainfall areas. Justify your conclusion with three pieces of evidence.
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